ArticleVaccine2013
Systematic annotation and analysis of "virmugens"-virulence factors whose mutants can be used as live attenuated vaccines.
Article in Vaccine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemoinformatic Approaches to Identify Bioactive Inhibitors Against Type I Dehydroquinase (DHQ1) Enzyme of TyphoidalBioinformatics and biology insights · 2026Article
- VaxKG: Integrating The Vaccine Ontology And VIOLIN For Advanced Vaccine Queries And LLM-Powered Chat Systems.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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- VaxKG: Integrating The Vaccine Ontology And VIOLIN For Advanced Vaccine Queries And LLM-Powered Chat Systems.AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium · 2024Article
- A Safe and Efficient Double-Gene-Deleted Live Attenuated Immersion Vaccine to Prevent the Disease Caused by the Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Quinate-based ligands for irreversible inactivation of the bacterial virulence factor DHQ1 enzyme-A molecular insight.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Article
- Identification of missing hierarchical relations in the vaccine ontology using acquired term pairs.Journal of biomedical semantics · 2022Article
- VaximmutorDB: A Web-Based Vaccine Immune Factor Database and Its Application for Understanding Vaccine-Induced Immune Mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Ontology-based Precision Vaccinology for Deep Mechanism Understanding and Precision Vaccine Development.Current pharmaceutical design · 2021Review
- Highly Efficient Genome Engineering inFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- A Three-Ring Circus: Metabolism of the Three Proteogenic Aromatic Amino Acids and Their Role in the Health of Plants and Animals.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2018Review
- Ontology-based literature mining of E. coli vaccine-associated gene interaction networks.Journal of biomedical semantics · 2017Article
- Ontology-based Vaccine and Drug Adverse Event Representation and Theory-guided Systematic Causal Network Analysis toward Integrative Pharmacovigilance Research.Current pharmacology reports · 2016Article
- Integrative representations and analyses of vaccine-induced intended protective immunity and unintended adverse events using ontology-based and theory-guided approaches.Global vaccines and immunology · 2016Article
- Comparative transcriptome profiling approach to glean virulence and immunomodulation-related genes of Fasciola hepatica.BMC genomics · 2015Article
- Updates on the web-based VIOLIN vaccine database and analysis system.Nucleic acids research · 2014Article
- DNAVaxDB: the first web-based DNA vaccine database and its data analysis.BMC bioinformatics · 2014Article
- Characterization of the molecular interplay between Moraxella catarrhalis and human respiratory tract epithelial cells.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines are usually generated by mutation of genes encoding virulence factors. "Virmugen" is coined here to represent a gene that encodes for a virulent factor of a pathogen and has been proven feasible in animal models to make a live attenuated vaccine by knocking out this gene. Not all virulence factors are virmugens. VirmugenDB is a web-based virmugen database (http://www.violinet.org/virmugendb). Currently, VirmugenDB includes 225 virmugens that have been verified to be valuable for vaccine development against 57 bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens. Bioinformatics analysis has revealed significant patterns in virmugens. For example, 10 Gram-negative and 1 Gram-positive bacterial aroA genes are virmugens. A sequence analysis has revealed at least 50% of identities in the protein sequences of the 10 Gram-negative bacterial aroA virmugens. As a pathogen case study, Brucella virmugens were analyzed. Out of 15 verified Brucella virmugens, 6 are related to carbohydrate or nucleotide transport and metabolism, and 2 involving cell membrane biogenesis. In addition, 54 virmugens from 24 viruses and 12 virmugens from 4 parasites are also stored in VirmugenDB. Virmugens tend to involve metabolism of nutrients (e.g., amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides) and cell membrane formation. Host genes whose expressions were regulated by virmugen mutation vaccines or wild type virulent pathogens have also been annotated and systematically compared. The bioinformatics annotation and analysis of virmugens helps to elucidate enriched virmugen profiles and the mechanisms of protective immunity, and further supports rational vaccine design.
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