Trial reportOsteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA2013
Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study.
Trial report in Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02186600 (Randomized Control Trial of Bone Loading Exercises Versus Risedronate on Bone Health in Post-Menopausal Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 122 papers, 18 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Randomized Control Trial of Bone Loading Exercises Versus Risedronate on Bone Health in Post-Menopausal Women
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 18 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 293 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating agreement between individual nutrition randomised controlled trials and cohort studies - a meta-epidemiological study.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- What is the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of older people nursing · 2023Pooled it
- Neuronutraceuticals Combating Neuroinflammaging: Molecular Insights and Translational Challenges-A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Risk of Fractures and Falls According to Dosage and Interval: A Meta-Analysis.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D Supplementation and Fractures in Adults: A Systematic Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Controlled Trials.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Pooled it
- Dietary calcium intake and change in bone mineral density in older adults: a systematic review of longitudinal cohort studies.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- The role of calcium and vitamin D dietary intake on risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2022Pooled it
- Calcium intake, calcium supplementation and cardiovascular disease and mortality in the British population: EPIC-norfolk prospective cohort study and meta-analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D and calcium in preventing osteoporotic fractures.Clinical rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Nutrients, vitamins, probiotics and herbal products: an update of their role in urolithogenesis.Urolithiasis · 2020Pooled it
- The association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2019Pooled it
- Risk-reducing medications for primary breast cancer: a network meta-analysis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Guideline
- Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2017Pooled it
- Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2016Pooled it
- Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015Pooled it
- Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2014Guideline
- Risk of keratinocyte carcinomas with vitamin D and calcium supplementation: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Novel effects of phytoestrogenic soy isoflavones on serum calcium and chloride in premenopausal women: A 2-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2018Trial
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 11 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
summaryThe Women's Health Initiative (WHI) double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial randomly assigned 36,282 postmenopausal women in the U.S. to 1,000 mg elemental calcium carbonate plus 400 IU of vitamin D(3) daily or placebo, with average intervention period of 7.0 years. The trial was designed to test whether calcium plus vitamin D supplementation in a population in which the use of these supplements was widespread would reduce hip fracture, and secondarily, total fracture and colorectal cancer.
introductionThis study further examines the health benefits and risks of calcium and vitamin D supplementation using WHI data, with emphasis on fractures, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and total mortality.
methodsWHI calcium and vitamin D randomized clinical trial (CT) data through the end of the intervention period were further analyzed with emphasis on treatment effects in relation to duration of supplementation, and these data were contrasted and combined with corresponding data from the WHI prospective observational study (OS).
resultsAmong women not taking personal calcium or vitamin D supplements at baseline, the hazard ratio [HR] for hip fracture occurrence in the CT following 5 or more years of calcium and vitamin D supplementation versus placebo was 0.62 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.38-1.00). In combined analyses of CT and OS data, the corresponding HR was 0.65 (95 % CI, 0.44-0.98). Supplementation effects were not apparent on the risks of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, total heart disease, stroke, overall cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer, or total mortality, while evidence for a reduction in breast cancer risk and total invasive cancer risk among calcium plus vitamin D users was only suggestive.
conclusionThough based primarily on a subset analysis, long-term use of calcium and vitamin D appears to confer a reduction that may be substantial in the risk of hip fracture among postmenopausal women. Other health benefits and risks of supplementation at doses considered, including an elevation in urinary tract stone formation, appear to be modest and approximately balanced.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.