ArticleJournal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology2013
Smoking as a risk factor for oral candidiasis in HIV-infected adults.
Article in Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of cigarette smoking on the prevalence of oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans and the expression of selected virulence genes among adults in Jordan.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Article
- A Comparison of the Prevalence Rate of Oral Candida Colonization between Opium Users and Cigarette Smokers in Kerman, Iran.Addiction & health · 2021Article
- Factors Associated with Oral Candidiasis in People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Case Control Study.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- Biofilm-ProducingHIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes ofEpidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- Opportunistic diseases among HIV-infected patients: a multicenter-nationwide Korean HIV/AIDS cohort study, 2006 to 2013.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2016Article
- Prevalence of oral Candida carriage and Candida species among cigarette and maras powder users.International journal of clinical and experimental medicine · 2015Article
- Smoking and HIV-related health issues among older HIV-positive gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men.Behavioral medicine (Washington, D.C.) · 2014Article
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2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe aimed to examine if smoking is an independent predictor of oral candidiasis (OC) among HIV-1 infected persons.
methodsThe cross-sectional part of this study evaluated 631 adult dentate HIV-1 seropositive persons examined for OC from 1995-2000 at the University of North Carolina Hospitals in Chapel Hill, NC. In the second part, from the above sample, a total of 283 individuals who were free of HIV-associated oral diseases at baseline were followed up for 2 years to assess incident OC events. Data collected from medical record review, interview questionnaires, and clinical examinations were analyzed using chi-squared tests and t-tests. Logistic regression models were developed for prevalent OC employing the likelihood ratio test, whereas Poisson regression models were developed for assessing cumulative incidence of OC. These models included a variety of independent variables to adjust for confounding.
resultsThirteen percent of participants had OC only; 4.6% had OC with Oral Hairy Leukoplakia; and 69.7% had neither. Smoking was associated with OC in all models [prevalent OC - current smokers: logistic regression - Odd ratio (95% CI) = 2.5 (1.3, 4.8); Incident OC - current smokers: Poisson regression (main effects model) - Incidence rate ratio (95% CI) = 1.9 (1.1, 3.8)]. Other Poisson regression models suggested evidence for effect modification between CD4 cell count and incident OC by smoking.
conclusionSmoking is an independent risk factor for the development of OC in HIV-1 infected persons, and the risk of OC is modified by CD4 cell count which measures strength of the immune system.
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