ArticleFood and environmental virology2012
Resilience of norovirus GII.4 to freezing and thawing: implications for virus infectivity.
Article in Food and environmental virology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Multi-Ligand Interactions Shape Human Norovirus Persistence, Transmission, and Control in Food Matrices.Viruses · 2026Review
- Atomic force microscopy at the forefront: unveiling foodborne viruses with biophysical tools.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Human Norovirus GII.4 and GII.17 Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) Exhibit Specific Binding and Inhibit VLPs from Entering Cells.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Foodborne Viruses and Somatic Coliphages Occurrence in Fresh Produce at Retail from Northern Mexico.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- Improved performance of nucleic acid-based assays for genetically diverse norovirus surveillance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- Assessment of Viral Contamination of Five Brazilian Artisanal Cheese Produced from Raw Milk: a Randomized Survey.Food and environmental virology · 2021Article
- Target Affinity and Structural Analysis for a Selection of Norovirus Aptamers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Replication in Human Intestinal Enteroids of Infectious Norovirus from Vomit Samples.Emerging infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide Gas Against Hepatitis A Virus on Blueberries, Blackberries, Raspberries, and Strawberries.Food and environmental virology · 2021Article
- Guidance on date marking and related food information: part 2 (food information).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2021Article
- Opportunities and Risks for Research Biobanks in the COVID-19 Era and Beyond.Biopreservation and biobanking · 2020Review
- A Survey of Analytical Techniques for Noroviruses.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Foodborne viral outbreaks associated with frozen produce.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Review
- Evaluation of Steady-State Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide Treatment for the Inactivation of Tulane virus on Berry Fruits.Food and environmental virology · 2019Article
- Evaluation of Chlorine Treatment Levels for Inactivation of Human Norovirus and MS2 Bacteriophage during Sewage Treatment.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Persistence of Norovirus GII Genome in Drinking Water and Wastewater at Different Temperatures.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Article
- Comparison of Xpert Norovirus and RidaGene Norovirus assays for the detection of noroviruses in clinical fecal specimens.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2017Article
- Fate of Foodborne Viruses in the "Farm to Fork" Chain of Fresh Produce.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2015Article
- Environmental transmission of human noroviruses in shellfish waters.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Genogroup II.4 norovirus (NoV) remains the predominant NoV strain in food- and water-borne outbreaks. Capsid integrity as well as viral RNA persistence were determined for GII.4 NoV by real-time RT-PCR after 1-14 freeze/thaw (F/T) cycles (-80 °C/+22 °C) or after -80 °C storage for up to 120 days. In both cases, capsid integrity and viral RNA titers remained stable. RNase was exogenously added after 1-14 F/T cycles, but did not alter the amount of genomic NoV RNA detected, indicating that capsids remained intact. Presumptive NoV infectivity was evaluated in functional studies by a porcine gastric mucin binding assay. Viruses frozen and thawed up to 14× bound similarly to porcine mucin, suggesting no reduction in virus infectivity. Overall, this study shows that a) NoV particles retain their integrity for at least 14 F/T cycles, b) long-term (120 day) frozen storage does not decrease NoV RNA titers, and c) capsid binding to receptor-like glycoprotein moieties remains unaltered after 14 F/T cycles. This work indicates that freezing and thawing of foods or beverages would not be a practical processing intervention to reduce NoV contamination. Likewise, repeated freezing and thawing, as might be encountered during winter months, is not expected to inactivate NoV in the environment. Results do show that laboratory samples destined for molecular biological analyses or for use as positive controls may be repeatedly frozen and thawed without any anticipated reduction in NoV RNA titers. This study documents the cryostability of NoV capsids and RNA to freezing and thawing and to the possible retention of virus infectivity.
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