ArticleCurrent neuropharmacology2012
Immunomodulation Mechanism of Antidepressants: Interactions between Serotonin/Norepinephrine Balance and Th1/Th2 Balance.
Article in Current neuropharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychopharmacological Therapy Positively Modulates Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Metabolomics in Depression: What We Learn from Preclinical and Clinical Evidences.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Pooled it
- Inflammation and depression in young people: a systematic review and proposed inflammatory pathways.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Secondary Mania induced by TNF-α inhibitors: A systematic review.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2022Pooled it
- Biomarkers for response in major depression: comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine from two randomised placebo-controlled clinical studies.Translational psychiatry · 2019Trial
- Sex differences in the association of baseline c-reactive protein (CRP) and acute-phase treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder: Findings from the EMBARC study.Journal of psychiatric research · 2019Trial
- Can C-reactive protein inform antidepressant medication selection in depressed outpatients? Findings from the CO-MED trial.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2017Trial
- Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Depression: From Biomarkers to Anti-Inflammatory Therapy.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Two faces of Amitriptyline in anMolecular and clinical oncology · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for depression: targeting cytokine pathways in major depressive disorder.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Energy Allocation Resilience and Endocrine Integration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- White matter free water and depressive symptoms in medication-free depressed adolescents: moderation by peripheral inflammation.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Brain Structures, Circuits, and Networks Involved in Immune Regulation, Periodontal Health, and Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Modulation of neuroimmune cytokine networks by antidepressants: implications in mood regulation.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- Associations between dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The role of psychological stress in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the Effect of Escitalopram on Alveolar Bone Levels and Periodontal Parameters: A Case-Control Study.International journal of dentistry · 2025Article
- Microbiota-immune-brain interactions: A new vision in the understanding of periodontal health and disease.Periodontology 2000 · 2024Review
- Periodontitis and Depressive Disorders: The Effects of Antidepressant Drugs on the Periodontium in Clinical and Preclinical Models: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Mechanisms of action and applications ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and hormones regulate major immune functions, including the selection of T helper (Th)1 or Th2 cytokine responses, related to cell-mediated and humoral immunity, respectively. A role of imbalance and dynamic switching of Th1/Th2 system has been proposed, with relative displacement of the immune reserve in relation to complex interaction between Th1/Th2 and neuro-hormonal balance fluctuations, in the pathogenesis of various chronic human diseases, probably also including psychiatric disorders. Components of the stress system such as norepinephrine (NE) and glucocorticoids appear to mediate a Th2 shift, while serotonin (5-HT) and melatonin might mediate a Th1 shift. Some antidepressants would occur affecting these systems, acting on neurotransmitter balance (especially the 5-HT/NE balance) and expression levels of receptor subtypes, which in turn affect cytokine production and relative Th1/Th2 balance. It could be therefore hypothesized that the antidepressant-related increase in NE tone enhances the Th2 response, while the decrease in NE tone or the increase in 5-HT tone enhances the Th1 response. However, the neurotransmitter and Th1/Th2 balance modulation could be relative, aiming to restore physiological levels a previous imbalance in receptor sensitivity and cytokine production. The considerations on neuro-immunomodulation could represent an additional aid in the study of pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and in the choice of specific antidepressants in specific clusters of symptoms, especially in comorbidity with internal pathologies. Furthermore limited data, reviewed here, have shown the effectiveness of some antidepressants as pure immunomodulators. However, these considerations are tentative and require experimental confirmation or refutation by future studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.