ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2013
The changing contribution of smoking to educational differences in life expectancy: indirect estimates for Finnish men and women from 1971 to 2010.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gender and Educational Trends in Lifetime Risk, Age at Onset, Expectancy, and Survival With Cardiovascular Disease in Finland, 1996-2020.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Trends in educational inequalities in smoking-attributable mortality and their impact on changes in general mortality inequalities: evidence from England and Wales, Finland, and Italy (Turin).Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2024Article
- Trends in social inequality in mortality in Denmark 1995-2019: the contribution of smoking- and alcohol-related deaths.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Article
- Widening educational inequalities in mortality in more recent birth cohorts: a study of 14 European countries.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Article
- Observational
- Causes of America's Lagging Life Expectancy: An International Comparative Perspective.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2022Article
- Exploring the longevity advantage of doctorates in Finland and Sweden: The role of smoking- and alcohol-related causes of death.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2021Article
- Life Expectancy of the Ethnically Mixed: Register-Based Evidence from Native Finns.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The implications of changing education distributions for life expectancy gradients.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2021Article
- Smoking and inequalities in mortality in 11 European countries: a birth cohort analysis.Population health metrics · 2021Article
- Education and adult mortality in middle-income countries: Surprising gradients in six nationally-representative longitudinal surveys.SSM - population health · 2020Article
- Article
- The changing contribution of childhood social characteristics to mortality: a comparison of Finnish cohorts born in 1936-50 and 1961-75.International journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Changing social inequalities in smoking, obesity and cause-specific mortality: Cross-national comparisons using compass typology.PloS one · 2020Article
- Contribution of smoking and alcohol consumption to income differences in life expectancy: evidence using Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish register data.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2019Article
- Children's educational attainment, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality.Population studies · 2018Article
- The contribution of alcohol consumption and smoking to educational inequalities in life expectancy among Swedish men and women during 1991-2008.International journal of public health · 2018Article
- International Differences in the Risk of Death from Smoking and Obesity: The Case of the United States and Finland.SSM - population health · 2017Article
- Changes Over Time in Absolute and Relative Socioeconomic Differences in Smoking: A Comparison of Cohort Studies From Britain, Finland, and Japan.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Article
- Changes in mortality inequalities over two decades: register based study of European countries.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2016Article
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4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe estimated the contribution of smoking to educational differences in mortality and life expectancy between 1971 and 2010 in Finland.
methodsEight prospective datasets with baseline in 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 and each linked to a 5-year mortality follow-up were used. We calculated life expectancy at age 50 years with and without smoking-attributable mortality by education and gender. Estimates of smoking-attributable mortality were based on an indirect method that used lung cancer mortality as a proxy for the impact of smoking on mortality from all other causes.
resultsSmoking-attributable deaths constituted about 27% of all male deaths above age 50 years in the early 1970s and 17% in the period 2006-2010; these figures were 1% and 4% among women, respectively. The life expectancy differential between men with basic versus high education increased from 3.4 to 4.7 years between 1971-1975 and 2006-2010. In the absence of smoking, these differences would have been 1.5 and 3.4 years, 1.9 years (55%) and 1.3 years (29%) less than those observed. Among women, educational differentials in life expectancy between the most and least educated increased from 2.5 to 3.0 years. This widening was nearly entirely accounted for by the increasing impact of smoking. Among women the contribution of smoking to educational differences had increased from being negligible in 1971-1975 to 16% in 2006-2010.
conclusionsAmong men, the increase in educational differences in mortality in the past decades was driven by factors other than smoking. However, smoking continues to have a major influence on educational differences in mortality among men and its contribution is increasing among women.
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