ArticlePharmaceutical research2013
Transdermal delivery of molecules is limited by full epidermis, not just stratum corneum.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 207 citations in OpenAlex.
- Imaging Active Drug Transport in Viable Human Skin: A Functional ex vivo Skin Model for Mechanistic and Regulatory Applications.Skin pharmacology and physiology · 2026Article
- Low-Shrinkage 3D-Printed Polymeric Microneedle Arrays with Electroless Silver Coating for Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Performance in Dermatological Applications.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Water-Soluble, Enzyme-Degradable, and Hydrolyzable STAR Particles for Enhanced Drug Delivery to Skin.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of rhHAPLN1 by SoluballPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Mechanistic Modelling of Transdermal Delivery Dependence on Drug Properties.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Recent Advancement in Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.Current drug discovery technologies · 2026Review
- Article
- Enhanced Skin Delivery of Amphotericin B: Development and Evaluation of Polymeric Nanoparticles Using a Porcine Ear Model.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Development of buspirone hydrochloride-loaded long-acting microneedles for management of anxiety disorders.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Transdermal Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Using a Biodegradable Microneedle Array Patch in a Murine Model of Peanut Anaphylaxis.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2025Article
- Strategic advances in liposomes technology: translational paradigm in transdermal delivery for skin dermatosis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Influence of Choline-Based Ionogel on Transdermal Delivery of Vancomycin Hydrochloride.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Royal Jelly Induces Thin Hair Shaft Formation by Suppressing Proliferation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Mice.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Microneedles for Melanoma Therapy: Exploring Opportunities and Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Schizophrenia Treatment Based on Sustained Release of Risperidone from Poly(lactic-ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- Transdermal delivery of PeptiCRAd cancer vaccine using microneedle patches.Bioactive materials · 2025Article
- Liposomal Nanocarriers to Enhance Skin Delivery of Chemotherapeutics in Cancer Therapy.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Microneedle patch with pure drug tips for delivery of liraglutide: pharmacokinetics in rats and minipigs.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Synergistic Strategies of Biomolecular Transport Technologies in Transdermal Healthcare Systems.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Review
- Effects of Particle Shape and Surface Structure on the Adsorption Properties of Polystyrene Microplastics.Polymers · 2024Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeMost methods to increase transdermal drug delivery focus on increasing stratum corneum permeability, without addressing the need to increase permeability of viable epidermis. Here, we assess the hypothesis that viable epidermis offers a significant permeability barrier that becomes rate limiting upon sufficient permeabilization of stratum corneum.
methodsWe tested this hypothesis by using calibrated microdermabrasion to selectively remove stratum corneum or full epidermis in pig and human skin, and then measuring skin permeability to a small molecule (sulforhodamine) and macromolecules (bovine serum albumin, insulin, inactivated influenza vaccine) in vitro.
resultsWe found that removal of stratum corneum dramatically increased skin permeability to all compounds tested. However, removal of full epidermis increased skin permeability by another 1-2 orders of magnitude. We also studied the effects of removing skin tissue only from localized spots on the skin surface by covering skin with a mask containing 125-μm holes during tissue removal. Skin permeabilized in this less-invasive way showed similar results. This suggests that microdermabrasion of skin using a mask may provide an effective way to increase skin permeability.
conclusionsWe conclude that viable epidermis offers a significant permeability barrier that becomes rate limiting upon removal of stratum corneum.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.