ArticleEuropean spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society2013
CT morphology and morphometry of the normal adult coccyx.
Article in European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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40 citing papers in PubMed, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Morphometric Variants of the Coccyx in an Eastern Indian Cohort: Analysis from a Tertiary Care Center.Journal of orthopaedic case reports · 2026Article
- Coccydynia caused by anatomical variation of the first coccygeal vertebra: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Article
- A dynamic alphanumeric classification system for non-traumatic coccydynia: Further defining clinical and research paradigms.Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma · 2025Article
- Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of fracture‑dislocation of the coccyx (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Review
- Predictors of outcomes of conservative management in chronic coccydynia - Results from a prospective clinicoradiological observational study.Journal of orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Morphologic evaluation of the coccyx in the pediatric population.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2025Article
- Assessment of Different Pubococcygeal Lines for the Quantitative Diagnosis of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Using Magnetic Resonance Defecography.International urogynecology journal · 2025Article
- Advances in Coccygectomy: A Comprehensive Review Evaluating Surgical Techniques for Coccygodynia.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Imaging study of adult coccygeal morphology using direct digital radiography technology in China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Spine Lengthens During Walking in Healthy Participants, with Age-Related Changes in Kinematic Parameters.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The Susceptibility of Coccydynia in Morphology: A Cross-Sectional Study.Pain research & management · 2025Article
- Minimally invasive exoscope-assisted coccygectomy: A novel approach for chronic refractory coccydynia.World neurosurgery: X · 2025Article
- A description and outcome evaluation of sacrococcygeal joint radiofrequency neurotomy for treatment of chronic coccydynia - A dorsal approach.Interventional pain medicine · 2024Article
- Assessment of Ganglion Impar Block Effect on Treatment Results of Coccydynia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Anesthesiology and pain medicine · 2024Article
- Letter to the Editor concerning "Association between posterior tibial slope and anatomic spinopelvic parameters: a retrospective cross-sectional study" by Caffard T, et al. (Eur Spine J. 2023; doi: 10.1007/s00586-023-07830-1).European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2024Article
- Imaging study of coccygeal morphology in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Neuro-cranio-vertebral syndrome related to coccygeal dislocation: A preliminary study.World neurosurgery: X · 2024Article
- The overlooked symptom of coccydynia: evaluation of sacrococcygeal morphologic and morphometric findings.Radiologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Sacrococcygeal Morphologic and Morphometric Risk Factors for Idiopathic Coccydynia: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.Global spine journal · 2023Article
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
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Abstract
purposeLack of data on the in vivo morphology and morphometry of the normal adult coccyx hampers understanding of radiological abnormalities in idiopathic coccydynia. The aim of this study was to investigate normal adult sacrococcygeal morphometry.
methodsRetrospective analysis of 112 adult CT scans (mean age 63 ± 14.6 years, 50 males) evaluated the following: number of coccygeal segments; joint fusion; coccygeal spicules, subluxation, sacralization, and scoliosis; sacrococcygeal straight and curved lengths and curvature indices; sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal angles; and lateral deviation of the coccyx tip.
resultsFour coccygeal segments were present in 76 % of scans. Sacrococcygeal fusion was present in 57 % and intercoccygeal fusion was increasingly common more caudally; there was no significant association with age or gender. A bony spicule was present in 23 %. Subluxation was rare. Nine of 12 coccyges with a retroverted tip were female. Mean coccygeal curved length was 4.4 ± 0.8 cm in men and 4.0 ± 0.8 cm in women (P < 0.01). Mean angle between first and last coccygeal segments was 138° ± 25° in men and 147° ± 25° in women (P = 0.08). There was no significant correlation between coccygeal length or curvature and stature, age or BMI.
conclusionsIn this first detailed study of the CT morphology and morphometry of the adult coccyx, sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joint fusion was common. Female coccyges were shorter, straighter, and may be more prone to retroversion, factors that may be relevant to the markedly higher prevalence of idiopathic coccydynia in women.
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