ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2013
Epigenetic regulation of CXCR4 expression by the ocular microenvironment.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Hypoxia-induced cancer stemness acquisition is associated with CXCR4 activation by its aberrant promoter demethylation.BMC cancer · 2019Article
- Orchestrating epigenetic roles targeting ocular tumors.OncoTargets and therapy · 2016Review
- Platelet-Activating Factor Induces Epigenetic Modifications in Human Mast Cells.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2015Article
- Epigenetics in ocular diseases.Current genomics · 2013Article
- Developments in Ocular Genetics: 2013 Annual Review.Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeExpression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by tumors is associated with metastatic migration and invasion of tumor cells. The importance of CXCR4 expression by uveal melanomas in metastasis to the liver was recently demonstrated when injection of CXCR4-negative uveal melanoma cells into mice resulted in reduced liver metastasis compared with CXCR4-positive uveal melanoma cells. Factors in the eye can induce downregulation of genes by epigenetic mechanisms. This study examined whether epigenetic regulation by the ocular environment induced downregulation of CXCR4 expression.
methodsLS174T colon cancer cells were injected in the anterior chamber (AC), subcutaneously (SC), or in the spleen capsule to induce liver metastasis in immune-deficient mice. CXCR4 gene transcription was analyzed by RT-PCR, and protein expression was determined by flow cytometry. Methyltransferase and histone deacetylase activities were determined by ELISA. Treatment with either 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) or trichostatin A (TSA) was used to induce demethylation or inhibit histone deacetylases, respectively.
resultsAC-derived LS174T cells showed lower CXCR4 gene expression compared with SC-, liver-derived, or wild-type tumor cells. AC-derived LS174T tumor cells expressed methyltransferase activity compared with SC-, liver-derived, and wild-type tumor cells. Deacetylase activity was elevated in AC-derived LS174T tumor cells compared with SC-derived, liver-derived, and wild-type tumor cells. Treatment of AC-derived LS174T tumor cells with 5-Aza upregulated CXCR4 expression. TSA treatment did not restore CXCR4 expression.
conclusionsThese studies demonstrate that ocular microenvironment factors induce methylation and downregulation of tumor CXCR4 expression.
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