ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2013
Urinary perchlorate as a measure of dietary and drinking water exposure in a representative sample of the United States population 2001-2008.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interference on Iodine Uptake and Human Thyroid Function by Perchlorate-Contaminated Water and Food.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- The effects of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate on free thyroxine for potentially sensitive subpopulations of the 2001-2002 and 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2014Pooled it
- The hidden danger: prolonged exposure to inorganic contaminants and kidney health in adolescents.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Association between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure and kidney stones prevalence in US adults: an analysis based on the national health and nutrition examination survey 2007-2018.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Associations between environmental perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure and severe headache or migraine: a cross-sectional, population-based analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Prevalence of neutropenia in US residents: a population based analysis of NHANES 2011-2018.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Additives in Children's Nutrition-A Review of Current Events.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- The association between environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and all-cause and cause-specific mortality.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- The Association Between Environmental Perchlorate, Nitrate, and Thiocyanate Exposure and Oral Pain in NHANES.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- A Review of Iodine Status of Women of Reproductive Age in the USA.Biological trace element research · 2019Article
- Update on dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine from U.S. food and drug administration's total diet study: 2008-2012.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2018Article
- Exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus.International journal of epidemiology · 2017Article
- A review of perchlorate (ClOEnvironmental monitoring and assessment · 2017Review
- Thyroid antagonists and thyroid indicators in U.S. pregnant women in the Vanguard Study of the National Children's Study.Environmental research · 2016Article
- Perchlorate in Water Supplies: Sources, Exposures, and Health Effects.Current environmental health reports · 2016Review
- Thyroid Antagonists (Perchlorate, Thiocyanate, and Nitrate) and Childhood Growth in a Longitudinal Study of U.S. Girls.Environmental health perspectives · 2016Article
- Perchlorate levels found in tap water collected from several cities in Turkey.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2016Article
- Association of prenatal perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposure with neonatal size and gestational age.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2015Article
- CO-occurring exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate alters thyroid function in healthy pregnant women.Environmental research · 2015Article
- Environmental perchlorate exposure: potential adverse thyroid effects.Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) is ubiquitous in the environment and inhibits the thyroid's uptake of iodide. Food and tap water are likely sources of environmental exposure to perchlorate. The aim of this study was to identify significant dietary sources of perchlorate using perchlorate measured in urine as an exposure indicator. Sample-weighted, age-stratified linear regression models of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008 data (n=16,955 participants) characterized the association between urinary perchlorate and the mass consumed in USDA food groups, controlling for urinary creatinine and other potential confounders. Separate models of NHANES 2005-2006 data (n=2841) evaluated the association between urinary perchlorate and perchlorate consumed via residential tap water. Consumption of milk products was associated with statistically significant contributions to urinary perchlorate across all age strata: 2.93 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per kg consumed for children (6-11 years-old (YO)); 1.54 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per kg for adolescents (12-19 YO); and 0.69 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per kg for adults (20-84 YO). Vegetables were a significant contributor for adolescents and adults, whereas fruits and eggs contributed significantly only for adults. Dark-green leafy vegetables contributed the most among all age strata: 30.83 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per kg for adults. Fats, oils, and salad dressings were significant contributors only for children. Three food groups were negatively associated with urinary perchlorate: grain products for children; sugars, sweets, and beverages for adolescents; and home tap water for adults. In a separate model, however, perchlorate consumed via home tap water contributed significantly to adult urinary perchlorate: 2.11E-4 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per ng perchlorate in tap water consumed. In a nationally representative sample of the United States 6-84 YO, diet and tap water contributed significantly to urinary perchlorate, with diet contributing substantially more than tap water.
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