ArticlePloS one2012
Placebo effects on the immune response in humans: the role of learning and expectation.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Placebo effects in randomized trials of pharmacological and neurostimulation interventions for mental disorders: An umbrella review.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Placebo Effects Are Small on Average in the 7.5% CO2 Inhalational Model of Generalized Anxiety.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Trial
- The use of a bed with an insulating system of electromagnetic fields improves immune function, redox and inflammatory states, and decrease the rate of aging.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2020Trial
- Plasma cortisol response cannot be classically conditioned in a taste-endocrine paradigm in humans.Psychopharmacology · 2017Trial
- Learning to experience side effects after antidepressant intake - Results from a randomized, controlled, double-blind study.Psychopharmacology · 2017Trial
- Expectation-induced placebo responses fail to accelerate wound healing in healthy volunteers: results from a prospective controlled experimental trial.International wound journal · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Cognitive factors mediate placebo responses in patients with house dust mite allergy.PloS one · 2013Trial
- Investigations on the Ability of the Insular Cortex to Process Peripheral Immunosuppression.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2024Article
- Article
- Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunological Basis of the Placebo Effect: Potential Applications beyond Pain Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Effects of placebo administration on immune mechanisms and relationships with central endogenous opioid neurotransmission.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- [The learned placebo response in the immune system].Der Nervenarzt · 2020Review
- Pharmacological conditioning for juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a potential solution to reduce methotrexate intolerance.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2020Article
- "Placebo by Proxy" and "Nocebo by Proxy" in Children: A Review of Parents' Role in Treatment Outcomes.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Review
- Conditioning cortisol in humans: design and pilot study of a randomized controlled trial.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2019Article
- Placebo Effects in Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2018Review
- Learned immunosuppressive placebo responses in renal transplant patients.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
- Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: A dual-process model informed by insights from cross-species comparisons.Progress in neurobiology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Placebo responses are primarily mediated via two neuropsychological mechanisms: patients' expectation towards the benefit of a treatment and associative learning processes. Immune functions, like other physiological responses, can be modulated through behavioral conditioning. However, it is unknown whether learned immune responses are affected by the number of re-expositions to the conditioned stimulus (CS) during evocation. Moreover, it is unclear whether immune functions can also be modulated through mere verbally induced expectation. In the experiments reported here, we investigated in healthy male volunteers with an established model of learned immunosuppression whether a single re-exposition to the CS is able to induce a behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. This conditioned immunosuppression is reflected through a significantly decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production by anti-CD3 stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our data revealed that in contrast to four CS re-expositions (control group n = 15; experimental group n = 17), a single CS re-exposition was not sufficient to significantly suppress IL-2 production (control group n = 9, experimental group n = 10). Furthermore, we could demonstrate that mere expectation of taking an immunosuppressant did not cause an immunosuppressive response (n = 8-9 per expectation condition). Together, these findings extend our knowledge about the kinetics and mechanisms of placebo-induced immunosuppression and provide therewith information for designing conditioning protocols, which might be employed as a supportive therapy in clinical settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.