ArticleClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2012
Ophthalmic manifestations of children with Down syndrome in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Article in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and Etiology of Strabismus in Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Ethnic Differences in the Esotropia/Exotropia Ratio.Ophthalmic epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- The Interpupillary Distance Differs Between Ethnicities and Associates with Horizontal Strabismus Patterns: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- The interpupillary distance differs between ethnicities and associates with horizontal strabismus patterns: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Ophthalmologic abnormalities in institutionalized Congolese children with cognitive impairment.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Prevalence and diversity of retinal disease in adults with Down syndrome.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- Prevalence of ophthalmic abnormalities and refractive changes in Taiwanese children with Down syndrome.PloS one · 2025Article
- The Ocular Manifestations of Individuals With Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Vision Impairments in Young Adults with Down Syndrome.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- RUN(X) out of blood: emerging RUNX1 functions beyond hematopoiesis and links to Down syndrome.Human genomics · 2023Review
- Growth Pattern and Use of Inter-pupillary Distance in the Detection of Ocular Hypertelorism and Hypotelorism in Indian Down Syndrome Children.Journal of pediatric genetics · 2023Article
- Ophthalmic manifestations in children with Down Syndrome in Bogotá, Colombia.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- The Ophthalmic Manifestations of Down Syndrome.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Refractive and Vision Status in Down Syndrome: A Comparative StudyTurkish journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Tomography-based definition of keratoconus for Down syndrome patients.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2020Article
- Visual function of children with visual and other disabilities in Oman: A case series.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2016Article
- Visual function of children with visual and other disabilities in Oman: A case series.Oman journal of ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimThe aim of this study was to provide a profile of oculo-visual anomalies in children with Down syndrome (DS) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
methodsThis comparative study assessed the visual functions of 120 children (42 DS and 78 developmentally normal children). The visual functions evaluated and the techniques used were: visual acuity (Snellen illiterate chart and Lea picture charts), refraction (static retinoscopy with cyclopegia), ocular alignment (cover test), near point of convergence (pen and rule), and external examinations and fundoscopy.
resultsA total of 42 children with DS (22 males, 20 females, mean age 11.43 ± 6.041 years) and control group of 78 normal children (36 females, 42 males) with mean age 6.63 ± 1.98 years were examined. Of the 42 DS children, visual acuity was less than 6/18 in eight and one of the DS and control groups, respectively. Visual acuity could not be checked conventionally in eleven participants from the DS group due to poor response. The main findings were: DS compared to control group showed refractive errors of 76.2% (half of which was from myopia) vs 14.1% (only 10% due to myopia). There was a statistically significant difference in total refractive errors between the Down syndrome group and the control group (P = 0.001, χ(2) = 18.29). Strabismus was 9.5% (75% esotropia) vs 0%, and there was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001, χ(2) = 5.01), nystagmus was 4.8% v 0%, conjunctivitis 19.05% vs 8.97%, and keratitis 7.14% vs 0%, which was statistically significant (P = 0.05, χ(2) = 2.90).
conclusionRefractive errors were prevalent in a sample of children with DS in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, whereas the prevalence of ocular diseases was low when compared to age-matched control participants. This study highlights the need for ophthalmic care in children with DS. Routine eye care such as the use of spectacles when necessary is recommended for people with DS at all ages to improve their educational and social needs as well as overall quality of life.
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