ArticlePediatrics2012
Protective factors can mitigate behavior problems after prenatal cocaine and other drug exposures.
Article in Pediatrics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review: Polysubstance Prevalence Estimates Reported during Pregnancy, US, 2009-2020.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Pooled it
- Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Perinatal Risks, and Mediators to Preadolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Assessment of maternal health and behavior during pregnancy in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study: Rationale and approach.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Prenatal substance exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a review of magnetic resonance imaging studies.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Review
- A Comparison of Two Statewide Datasets to Understand Population Prevalence of Substance Use in Pregnancy: Findings and Considerations for Policy & Research.Maternal and child health journal · 2024Article
- Examination of promotive and protective effects on early adolescent prosocial behavior through a bioecological lens.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Developmental Stressors Induce Innate Immune Memory in Microglia and Contribute to Disease Risk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Project Console: a quality improvement initiative for neonatal abstinence syndrome in a children's hospital level IV neonatal intensive care unit.BMJ open quality · 2021Article
- Fifty Years of Research on Prenatal Substances: Lessons Learned for the Opioid Epidemic.Adversity and resilience science · 2020Article
- Prenatal substance exposure, adverse childhood experiences and diagnosed mental and behavioral disorders - A longitudinal register-based matched cohort study in Finland.SSM - population health · 2020Article
- Prenatal Tobacco and Cannabis Exposure: Associations with Cortisol Reactivity in Early School Age Children.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2020Article
- Developmental opioid exposures: Neurobiological underpinnings, behavioral impacts, and policy implications.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2020Review
- Research and policy priorities for addressing prenatal exposure to opioids in Alaska.International journal of circumpolar health · 2019Article
- Review
- Prenatal cocaine exposure: Direct and indirect associations with 21-year-old offspring substance use and behavior problems.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Behavioral Development in Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- Prenatal cocaine exposure and age of sexual initiation: direct and indirect effects.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2014Article
- Self-reported adolescent behavioral adjustment: effects of prenatal cocaine exposure.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2014Article
- Externalizing behavior and substance use related problems at 15 years in prenatally cocaine exposed adolescents.Journal of adolescence · 2014Article
- Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on adolescent development.Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe determined the role of risk and protective factors on the trajectories of behavior problems associated with high prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE)/polydrug exposure.
methodsThe Maternal Lifestyle Study enrolled 1388 children with or without PCE, assessed through age 15 years. Because most women using cocaine during pregnancy also used other substances, we analyzed for the effects of 4 categories of prenatal drug exposure: high PCE/other drugs (OD), some PCE/OD, OD/no PCE, and no PCE/no OD. Risks and protective factors at individual, family, and community levels that may be associated with behavior outcomes were entered stepwise into latent growth curve models, then replaced by cumulative risk and protective indexes, and finally by a combination of levels of risk and protective indexes. Main outcome measures were the trajectories of externalizing, internalizing, total behavior, and attention problems scores from the Child Behavior Checklist (parent).
resultsA total of 1022 (73.6%) children had known outcomes. High PCE/OD significantly predicted externalizing, total, and attention problems when considering the balance between risk and protective indexes. Some PCE/OD predicted externalizing and attention problems. OD/no PCE also predicted behavior outcomes except for internalizing behavior. High level of protective factors was associated with declining trajectories of problem behavior scores over time, independent of drug exposure and risk index scores.
conclusionsHigh PCE/OD is a significant risk for behavior problems in adolescence; protective factors may attenuate its detrimental effects. Clinical practice and public health policies should consider enhancing protective factors while minimizing risks to improve outcomes of drug-exposed children.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.