ArticleClinical and experimental gastroenterology2012
A plausible explanation for male dominance in typhoid ileal perforation.
Article in Clinical and experimental gastroenterology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- EnhancedInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- A mouse model for studying chronicmBio · 2026Article
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- Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases: The Role of Genetics, Hormones, and Aging.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
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- Tracking the shift in enteric fever trends and evolving antibiotic sensitivity patterns.Ghana medical journal · 2024Article
- Milan's forgotten epidemic of summer 1629, a few months before the last great plague: An investigation into the possible cause.PloS one · 2023Article
- Depressive symptoms and other negative psychological states relate to ex vivo inflammatory responses differently for men and women: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence.Physiology & behavior · 2022Article
- Typhoid and Enteric Fevers in Intensive Care Unit.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2021Article
- Occurrence and Phenotypic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Patients in a Public Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia.Infection and drug resistance · 2021Article
- Article
- Sexual dimorphism in bacterial infections.Biology of sex differences · 2018Review
- Association of extensively drug resistant salmonella infection in children with typhoid fever.Pakistan journal of medical sciencesArticle
- Enteric Fever Complicated by Intestinal Perforation in Children: A Persistent Health Problem Requiring Surgical Management.Pakistan journal of medical sciencesArticle
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
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Abstract
The phenomenon of consistent male dominance in typhoid ileal perforation (TIP) is not well understood. It cannot be explained on the basis of microbial virulence, Peyer's patch anatomy, ileal wall thickness, gastric acidity, host genetic factors, or sex-linked bias in hospital attendance. The cytokine response to an intestinal infection in males is predominantly proinflammatory as compared with that in females, presumably due to differences in the sex hormonal milieu. Sex hormone receptors have been detected on lymphocytes and macrophages, including on Peyer's patches, inflammation of which (probably similar to the Shwartzman reaction/Koch phenomenon) is the forerunner of TIP, and is not excluded from the regulatory effects of sex hormones. Hormonal control of host-pathogen interaction may override genetic control. Environmental exposure to Salmonella typhi may be more frequent in males, presumably due to sex-linked differences in hygiene practices and dining-out behavior. A plausible explanation of male dominance in TIP could include sex-linked differences in the degree of natural exposure of Peyer's patches to S. typhi. An alternative explanation may include sexual dimorphism in host inflammatory response patterns in Peyer's patches that have been induced by S. typhi. Both hypotheses are testable.
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