ArticleBMJ open2012
Prevalence, determinants and spectrum of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication of children and adolescents in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (KiGGS).
Article in BMJ open, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inequalities in health care utilization among migrants and non-migrants in Germany: a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2018Pooled it
- Academic achievement and socio-demographic differences in ADHD diagnosis: a population-based study of Swedish compulsory school pupils.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- ADHD medication dispensing trends in Dutch youth before and after the implementation of the Youth Act (2010-2022).European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Childhood family income and medication use in youth.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Variation in attitudes toward diagnosis and medication of ADHD: a survey among clinicians in the Norwegian child and adolescent mental health services.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Geographic variation and sociodemographic correlates of prescription psychotropic drug use among children and youth in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- The Winding Road to Equal Care: Attitudes and Experiences of Prescribing ADHD Medication among Pediatric Psychiatrists: A Qualitative Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Validity of the Czech Translation of the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS).Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Children's mental and behavioral health, schooling, and socioeconomic characteristics during school closure in France due to COVID-19: the SAPRIS project.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- ADHD overdiagnosis and the role of patient gender among Iranian psychiatrists.BMC psychiatry · 2021Article
- Article
- Energy, Macronutrient Intake, and Anthropometrics of Vegetarian, Vegan, and Omnivorous Children (1⁻3 Years) in Germany (VeChi Diet Study).Nutrients · 2019Article
- Mini Review: Socio-Cultural Influences on the Link Between ADHD and SUD.Frontiers in public health · 2019Review
- Effects of long-term methylphenidate use on growth and blood pressure: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS).BMC psychiatry · 2018Article
- Comparative treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization and costs of atomoxetine and long-acting methylphenidate among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Germany.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2017Article
- Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder is associated with reduced blood pressure and serum vitamin D levels: results from the nationwide German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS).European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2017Article
- Identifying cross-cultural variations in psychostimulant use for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using linked data.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2017Article
- Latest trends in ADHD drug prescribing patterns in children in the UK: prevalence, incidence and persistence.BMJ open · 2016Article
- Reduced pain perception in children and adolescents with ADHD is normalized by methylphenidate.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2016Article
- Prescription stimulant use is associated with earlier onset of psychosis.Journal of psychiatric research · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the prevalence, determinants and spectrum of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication and its associations with socioeconomic status (SES), health-related behaviour and living conditions.
designObservational cross-sectional study.
settingGermany.
participantsRepresentative population-based sample of non-institutionalised youth aged between 0 and 17 years (n=17 450) and examined between 2003 and 2006.
main outcome measurePrevalence and spectrum of ADHD medication (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code N04BA) measured by standardised computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) on drug use.
resultsThe overall prevalence of ADHD medication (stimulants including atomoxetine) was 0.9% (95% CI 0.7% to 1.1%). Boys used these drugs (1.5%, 1.2% to 1.8%) five times more than girls 0.3% (0.2% to 0.5%). The highest prevalence rates were for boys aged 6-10 years (2.3%, 1.7% to 3.1%S) and 11-13 (2.7%, 2.0% to 3.7%). Boys from families with no immigration background used ADHD medication almost 6 times as frequently as boys with an immigration background (1.7% vs 0.3%). Multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression) showed boys (OR 5.16, 95% CI 3.15 to 8.47), 11-year-olds to 13-year-olds (2.24, 1.28 to 3.49), children in large cities (2.18, 1.13 to 4.22), children with no immigration background (3.06, 1.34 to 6.99), and children with only a good (vs excellent) parent-rated health status (1.91, 1.18 to 3.08) being more likely to be using ADHD medication. A visit to the doctor in the last month or last quarter was associated with a higher probability for ADHD medication (3.18, 1.29 to 7.95 and 3.59, 1.45 to 8.90, respectively).
conclusionsResults show prevalence rates of ADHD medication use for the German child and adolescent population that are considerably lower than published prevalence rates from the USA, but comparable with those of western European and Scandinavian countries. Lower use rates in rural versus urban regions may point to differential healthcare access. The inverse association of ADHD medication use with immigration status suggests potentially restricted access to healthcare services for immigrants or may reflect culture-specific differences in attitudes towards symptoms of ADHD.
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Registered trials
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