ReviewPediatric clinics of North America2013
Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors.
Review in Pediatric clinics of North America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 8 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,191 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
64N Nutraceutical for the Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Pneumonia in Low Resource Settings
Effects of Anke Malz on Women During Lactation
Effect of an Immediate-postpartum Support by IBCLC to Women With Obesity, on Breastfeeding Performance: A Randomized Trial.
International Milk Composition (IMiC) Consortium
Antenatal Breastmilk Expression From Week 34 of Gestation Safety in Pregnancy and Benefits for the Newborn Infant: A Pilot Randomized Study
The Effect of Breastfeeding Education Based on the Health Belief Model Given ın the Third Trimester of Pregnancy on Couples Breast Milk Perception and Self-efficacy
The Impact of Prenatal Stress Management Program on Maternal Breastfeeding and Neonatal Neurodevelopmental Parameters
Leveraging Optimal Tolerance in Undernourished Infants to Support Growth
Who cites it
1,191 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,514 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal-to-Infant Transfer of Medications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Via Breastmilk: A Systematic Review of Available Evidence and Clinical Guidelines.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- Nutritional management of neonates who undergo major surgery for gastrointestinal disorders: a joint position paper of the Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN), the Italian Society of Pediatric Surgery (SICP), and the Italian Society of Pediatric Nutrition (SINUPE).Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Guideline
- Efficacy and heterogeneity: an exclusive human milk diet for necrotizing enterocolitis prevention in very preterm infants-a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Human milk composition in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Strategies to reduce CMV infectivity in breastmilk to preterm babies - impact on transmission, nutrients, and bioactivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Pooled it
- From Mind to Milk: The Influence of Psychological Factors on the Composition of Human Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Human Milk Feeding in Inherited Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review of Growth, Metabolic Control, and Neurodevelopment Outcomes.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2025Pooled it
- Associations Between Complementary Feeding Approach, Dietary Intake, and Growth: A Secondary Analysis of the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Trial.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2026Trial
- Growth at 2 years in children born preterm: donor milk versus preterm formula.Pediatric research · 2026Trial
- Videoconferencing with the Hospitalized Premature Infant while Expressing Milk: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association · 2026Trial
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals that human milk feeding shapes neonatal immune cell interleukin signaling pathways in a nonrandomized clinical trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Bifidogenic Effect of 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) on the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Formula-Fed Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Effectiveness of a new breastfeeding counselling intervention on breastfeeding prevalence, infant growth velocity and postpartum weight loss in overweight women: a randomized controlled trial.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Trial
- Delayed maturation of the milk microbiome in women with type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Intranasal therapies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Pasteurised donor human milk for HIV-exposed infants in Saskatchewan, Canada: a feasibility trial protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Maternal Endocrine and Vascular Perturbations Reprogram the Transcriptomic and Secretory Profile of Perinatal Stem Cells: A Comparative Study of Umbilical Cord-Derived Stem Cell UC-MSCs and Human Milk-Derived Stem Cell MM-MSCs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Associations Between Breast Milk Energy Intake, Infant Sleep Duration and Time Until Next Feed.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
- Human Milk as a Model for Next-Generation Infant Formula: Opportunities and Challenges.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
1,131 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the composition of human milk, its variation, and its clinical relevance. The composition of human milk is the biological norm for infant nutrition. Human milk also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and healthy microbial colonization. Some of these molecules (eg, lactoferrin) are being investigated as novel therapeutic agents. Human milk changes in composition from colostrum to late lactation, within feeds, by gestational age, diurnally, and between mothers. Feeding infants with expressed human milk is increasing.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.