ArticleImmunity2012
Stroma-derived interleukin-34 controls the development and maintenance of langerhans cells and the maintenance of microglia.
Article in Immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 356 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
356 citing papers in PubMed, 598 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytokine circuits in CNS homeostasis and disease.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Plasticity of the infant immune system during the perinatal period.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Tissue-Resident Macrophages: Linking Physiology and Inflammation in Infection.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- In vitro differentiation and phenotypic profiling of Langerhans cell subsets derived from human peripheral blood monocytes.Immunologic research · 2026Article
- Tissue mitochondrial activity dictates the macrophage pool size.Science immunology · 2026Article
- Distinct postnatal trajectories of mouse dendritic epidermal T cells and Langerhans cells independent of microbiota.Science advances · 2026Article
- Microglial maturation across human and mouse as a reference for interpreting large-animal models of perinatal brain injury.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Cytokine multimerization: when more is more and sometimes less.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Meta-inflammation through the lens of macrophage programming and nutrient-sensing ghrelin signaling.Immunometabolism (Cobham, Surrey) · 2026Review
- CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy: experimental models and potential for treatment.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Review
- Human IL-34 Deficiency Primes Microglia Toward Alzheimer's Disease-Associated States.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Brain-engrafted monocyte-derived macrophages from blood and skull-bone marrow exhibit distinct properties.Neuron · 2026Article
- A spatially coordinated keratinocyte-fibroblast circuit recruits MMP9Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Genetic-Environmental Programming of Microglial Identity: Shaping Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Diseases.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Diversity and immune dynamics of choroid plexus macrophages are shaped by distinct developmental origins.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Epigenetic control of microglial developmental milestones from proliferative progenitors to efficient phagocytes.Research square · 2026Article
- Cutaneous Dendritic Cells: Structure, Function and Immune Role.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Chromosomal rearrangements and segmental deletions contribute to gene loss in squamates.BMC biology · 2026Article
296 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor-1 (Csf-1) receptor and its ligand Csf-1 control macrophage development, maintenance, and function. The development of both Langerhans cells (LCs) and microglia is highly dependent on Csf-1 receptor signaling but independent of Csf-1. Here we show that in both mice and humans, interleukin-34 (IL-34), an alternative ligand for Csf-1 receptor, is produced by keratinocytes in the epidermis and by neurons in the brain. Mice lacking IL-34 displayed a marked reduction of LCs and a decrease of microglia, whereas monocytes, dermal, and lymphoid tissue macrophages and DCs were unaffected. We identified IL-34 as a nonredundant cytokine for the development of LCs during embryogenesis as well as for their homeostasis in the adult skin. Whereas inflammation-induced repopulation of LCs appears to be dependent on Csf-1, once inflammation is resolved, LC survival is again IL-34-dependent. In contrast, microglia and their yolk sac precursors develop independently of IL-34 but rely on it for their maintenance in the adult brain.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.