ArticleJournal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry2013
Paediatric autoimmune encephalopathies: clinical features, laboratory investigations and outcomes in patients with or without antibodies to known central nervous system autoantigens.
Article in Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 259 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-mGluR5 encephalitis: distinctive clinical features and antibody patterns in the Chinese population.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the epidemiology of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: disease burden and clinical decision-making.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis in children: case reports and systematic review of literature.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2023Pooled it
- Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of childhood encephalitis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Longitudinal extensive anti-AMPA-GluR3-related transverse myelitis and favorable therapeutic response: A case report and review of literature.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- [Cognitive and psychiatric evolution in autoimmune encephalitis in a school-aged child: Clinical case].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Article
- Expanding the clinical spectrum of pediatric CASPR2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Brain atrophy in autoimmune encephalitis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis-an update.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Clinical Characterization and Long-Term Outcome in Children and Adults With Anti-AMPA Receptor Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- A Cost of Illness Analysis of Children with Encephalitis Presenting to a Major Hospital in Vietnam.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Observational
- Diagnostic abnormalities, disease severity and immunotherapy responsiveness in individuals with Down syndrome regression disorder.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Pediatric MOG-Ab-Associated Encephalitis: Supporting Early Recognition and Treatment.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Prevalence & clinical outcome of autoimmune encephalitis versus viral encephalitis in children with acute encephalitis syndrome: A prospective observational study.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Observational
- Article
- Co-existence of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 and anti-sry-like high-mobility group box receptor antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: A rare case report.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2024Article
- Identifying the Anti-inflammatory Effects ofCombinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2024Article
- Higher incidence of acute symptomatic seizures in probable antibody-negative pediatric autoimmune encephalitis than in major antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Differential diagnosis of chorea (guidelines of the German Neurological Society).Neurological research and practice · 2023Article
- Antibody-Negative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo report the clinical and investigative features of children with a clinical diagnosis of probable autoimmune encephalopathy, both with and without antibodies to central nervous system antigens.
methodPatients with encephalopathy plus one or more of neuropsychiatric symptoms, seizures, movement disorder or cognitive dysfunction, were identified from 111 paediatric serum samples referred from five tertiary paediatric neurology centres to Oxford for antibody testing in 2007-2010. A blinded clinical review panel identified 48 patients with a diagnosis of probable autoimmune encephalitis whose features are described. All samples were tested/retested for antibodies to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), VGKC-complex, LGI1, CASPR2 and contactin-2, GlyR, D1R, D2R, AMPAR, GABA(B)R and glutamic acid decarboxylase.
resultsSeizures (83%), behavioural change (63%), confusion (50%), movement disorder (38%) and hallucinations (25%) were common. 52% required intensive care support for seizure control or profound encephalopathy. An acute infective organism (15%) or abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (32%), EEG (70%) or MRI (37%) abnormalities were found. One 14-year-old girl had an ovarian teratoma. Serum antibodies were detected in 21/48 (44%) patients: NMDAR 13/48 (27%), VGKC-complex 7/48(15%) and GlyR 1/48(2%). Antibody negative patients shared similar clinical features to those who had specific antibodies detected. 18/34 patients (52%) who received immunotherapy made a complete recovery compared to 4/14 (28%) who were not treated; reductions in modified Rankin Scale for children scores were more common following immunotherapies. Antibody status did not appear to influence the treatment effect.
conclusionsOur study outlines the common clinical and paraclinical features of children and adolescents with probable autoimmune encephalopathies. These patients, irrespective of positivity for the known antibody targets, appeared to benefit from immunotherapies and further antibody targets may be defined in the future.
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