ArticleVirology journal2012
West Nile alternative open reading frame (N-NS4B/WARF4) is produced in infected West Nile Virus (WNV) cells and induces humoral response in WNV infected individuals.
Article in Virology journal, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- RNA elements required for the high efficiency of West Nile virus-induced ribosomal frameshifting.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- The West Nile virus genome harbors essential riboregulatory elements with conserved and host-specific functional roles.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- VADR: validation and annotation of virus sequence submissions to GenBank.BMC bioinformatics · 2020Article
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Flaviviruses.Chemical reviews · 2018Review
- Virus Variation Resource - improved response to emergent viral outbreaks.Nucleic acids research · 2017Article
- Potassium increases the antitumor effects of ascorbic acid in breast cancer cell linesOncology letters · 2016Article
- Expression of a second open reading frame present in the genome of tick-borne encephalitis virus strain Neudoerfl is not detectable in infected cells.Virus genes · 2016Article
- Distinguishing West Nile virus infection using a recombinant envelope protein with mutations in the conserved fusion-loop.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Review
- Review
- Antibody responses in humans infected with newly emerging strains of West Nile Virus in Europe.PloS one · 2013Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWest Nile Virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that requires an efficient humoral and cellular host response for the control of neuroinvasive infection. We previously reported the existence of six alternative open reading frame proteins in WNV genome, one of which entitled WARF4 is exclusively restricted to the lineage I of the virus. WARF4 is able to elicit antibodies in WNV infected horses; however, there was no direct experimental proof of the existence of this novel protein. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the in vitro production of WARF4 protein following WNV infection of cultured VERO cells and its immunity in WNV infected individuals.
resultsWe produced a monoclonal antibody against WARF4 protein (MAb 3A12) which detected the novel protein in WNV lineage I-infected, cultured VERO cells while it did not react with WNV lineage II infected cells. MAb 3A12 specificity to WARF4 protein was confirmed by its reactivity to only one peptide among four analyzed that cover the full WARF4 amino acids sequence. In addition, WARF4 protein was expressed in the late phase of WNV lineage I infection. Western blotting and bioinformatics analyses strongly suggest that the protein could be translated by programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting process. Since WARF4 is embedded in the NS4B gene, we rename this novel protein N-NS4B/WARF4. Furthermore, serological analysis shows that N-NS4B/WARF4 is able to elicit antibodies in WNV infected individuals.
conclusionsN-NS4B/WARF4 is the second Alternative Reading Frame (ARF) protein that has been demonstrated to be produced following WNV infection and might represent a novel tool for a better characterization of immune response in WNV infected individuals. Further serological as well as functional studies are required to characterize the function of the N-NS4B/WARF4 protein. Since the virus might actually make an extensive use of ARFs, it appears important to investigate the novel six ARF putative proteins of WNV.
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