ReviewJournal of the Royal Society, Interface2013
Applications of polymeric adjuvants in studying autoimmune responses and vaccination against infectious diseases.
Review in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Challenges and prospects of polymeric biomaterials in immune engineering: A review.Journal of biomaterials applications · 2026Review
- Production Optimization, Adjuvant Screening and Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Virus-like Vesicle Rabies Vaccine.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Vaccine adjuvants: current status, research and development, licensing, and future opportunities.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2024Review
- Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization.Polymers · 2023Article
- Polymer Chemistry Defines Adjuvant Properties and Determines the Immune Response against the Antigen or Vaccine.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Thermophobic Trehalose Glycopolymers as Smart C-Type Lectin Receptor Vaccine Adjuvants.Advanced healthcare materials · 2023Article
- Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG)-Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review.Advanced healthcare materials · 2023Review
- "Just right" combinations of adjuvants with nanoscale carriers activate aged dendritic cells without overt inflammation.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Immunogenicity of Different Types of Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Article
- Adjuvants: Engineering Protective Immune Responses in Human and Veterinary Vaccines.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Review
- Polymer-Based Nanosystems-A Versatile Delivery Approach.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development: An Overview and Perspectives.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2020Review
- Improvements to the live-attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccine using CarbopolVeterinary world · 2020Article
- Main-Chain Phosphorus-Containing Polymers for Therapeutic Applications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- A Recombinant Enolase-Montanide™ PetGel A Vaccine Promotes a Protective Th1 Immune Response against a Highly VirulentPharmaceutics · 2019Article
- Promising Plant-Derived Adjuvants in the Development of Coccidial Vaccines.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2019Review
- Injectable Excipients as Novel Influenza Vaccine Adjuvants.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- A nanoparticle-based approach to improve the outcome of cancer active immunotherapy with lipopolysaccharides.Drug delivery · 2018Article
- Properties and applications of nanoparticle/microparticle conveyors with adjuvant characteristics suitable for oral vaccination.International journal of nanomedicine · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Polymers as an adjuvant are capable of enhancing the vaccine potential against various infectious diseases and also are being used to study the actual autoimmune responses using self-antigen(s) without involving any major immune deviation. Several natural polysaccharides and their derivatives originating from microbes and plants have been tested for their adjuvant potential. Similarly, numerous synthetic polymers including polyelectrolytes, polyesters, polyanhydrides, non-ionic block copolymers and external stimuli responsive polymers have demonstrated adjuvant capacity using different antigens. Adjuvant potential of these polymers mainly depends on their solubility, molecular weight, degree of branching and the conformation of polymeric backbone. These polymers have the ability not only to activate humoral but also cellular immune responses in the host. The depot effect, which involves slow release of antigen over a long duration of time, using different forms (particulate, solution and gel) of polymers, and enhances the co-stimulatory signals for optimal immune activation, is the underlying principle of their adjuvant properties. Possibly, polymers may also interact and activate various toll-like receptors and inflammasomes, thus involving several innate immune system players in the ensuing immune response. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, easy production and purification, and non-toxic properties of most of the polymers make them attractive candidates for substituting conventional adjuvants that have undesirable effects in the host.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.