SynthesisPharmacoepidemiology and drug safety2013
Disease risk score as a confounder summary method: systematic review and recommendations.
Synthesis in Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants: Overview of Systematic Reviews.Drug safety · 2019Pooled it
- Mpox in People With HIV: Predictors of Diagnosis, Outcomes, and Vaccine Effectiveness in a Multisite Cohort.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic vulnerability and osteoporosis treatment disparities during COVID-19 lockdown among U.S. medicare enrollees who initiated romosozumab.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2025Article
- Sex, male origin microchimerism, and mortality in a Danish cohort.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Outcome adaptive propensity score methods for handling censoring and high-dimensionality: Application to insurance claims.Statistical methods in medical research · 2025Article
- Methods to Adjust for Confounding in Test-Negative Design COVID-19 Effectiveness Studies: Simulation Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Article
- Confounder Adjustment Using the Disease Risk Score: A Proposal for Weighting Methods.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Core concepts in pharmacoepidemiology: Fundamentals of the cohort and case-control study designs.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2022Review
- Racial and ethnic disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 disease incidence independent of comorbidities, among people with HIV in the United States.AIDS (London, England) · 2022Observational
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression in Medical Students in a Northern Thailand University: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 disease incidence independent of comorbidities, among people with HIV in the US.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2021Article
- Disparities by sex in P2YBMJ open · 2021Article
- Standardizing Discrete-Time Hazard Ratios With a Disease Risk Score.American journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- On the aggregation of published prognostic scores for causal inference in observational studies.Statistics in medicine · 2020Article
- Factors Associated with Failure of Intermittent Nebulization with Short-Acting Beta-Agonists in Children with Severe Asthma Exacerbation.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2020Article
- Controlling Confounding in a Study of Oral Anticoagulants: Comparing Disease Risk Scores Developed Using Different Follow-Up Approaches.EGEMS (Washington, DC) · 2019Article
- Marginal Structural Models for Risk or Prevalence Ratios for a Point Exposure Using a Disease Risk Score.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected recipients of heart transplants.Clinical transplantation · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo systematically examine trends and applications of the disease risk score (DRS) as a confounder summary method.
methodsWe completed a systematic search of MEDLINE and Web of Science® to identify all English language articles that applied DRS methods. We tabulated the number of publications by year and type (empirical application, methodological contribution, or review paper) and summarized methods used in empirical applications overall and by publication year (<2000, ≥2000).
resultsOf 714 unique articles identified, 97 examined DRS methods and 86 were empirical applications. We observed a bimodal distribution in the number of publications over time, with a peak 1979-1980, and resurgence since 2000. The majority of applications with methodological detail derived DRS using logistic regression (47%), used DRS as a categorical variable in regression (93%), and applied DRS in a non-experimental cohort (47%) or case-control (42%) study. Few studies examined effect modification by outcome risk (23%).
conclusionUse of DRS methods has increased yet remains low. Comparative effectiveness research may benefit from more DRS applications, particularly to examine effect modification by outcome risk. Standardized terminology may facilitate identification, application, and comprehension of DRS methods. More research is needed to support the application of DRS methods, particularly in case-control studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.