SynthesisClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2012
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries.
Synthesis in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 206 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis among Asian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International health · 2024Pooled it
- Global causes of diarrheal disease mortality in children <5 years of age: a systematic review.PloS one · 2013Pooled it
- Prevalence and Genetic Characterization ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Analysis of environmental risk factors, prevalence, and associated symptoms of Giardia intestinalis infection across age groups in Poland: a survey-based study.Parasitology research · 2026Article
- Updated Estimates of the Global, Regional and National Burden, and Etiology of Diarrheal Diseases Transmissible via Food: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytical Modelling Study for the World Health Organization.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Enteric dysfunction and enteropathogens among hospitalized south Asian and sub-Saharan African children.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Genotyping and distribution ofParasitology · 2026Article
- Effect of inoculation dose on infection kinetics and immune responses to Giardia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Giardia increases macrophage production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 in response to lipopolysaccharide via macrophage galactose binding lectin.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Giardia lamblia risk factors and burden in children with acute gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Prevalence ofParasite epidemiology and control · 2024Review
- Microbial Matryoshka: Addressing the Relationship between Pathogenic Flagellated Protozoans and Their RNA Viral Endosymbionts (FamilyVeterinary sciences · 2024Review
- Microscopy detection and molecular characterisation ofFrontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence and assemblage of Giardia duodenalis in a case-control study of children under 5 years from Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia.Parasitology research · 2023Article
- The opportunistic protist,Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Epidemiology of giardiasis and assemblages A and B and effects on diarrhea and growth trajectories during the first 8 years of life: Analysis of a birth cohort in a rural district in tropical Ecuador.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Trends and clinico-epidemiological profile of patients with Giardiasis: Five-year experience from a university hospital of northern India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2023Article
- The Gut-Wrenching Effects of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Children.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Giardia duodenalis in Ugandan Children Aged 9-36 Months in Kampala, Uganda: Prevalence and Associated Factors.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Trophozoite fitness dictates the intestinal epithelial cell response to Giardia intestinalis infection.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis examining the association between diarrhea in young children in nonindustrialized settings and Giardia lamblia infection. Eligible were case/control and longitudinal studies that defined the outcome as acute or persistent (>14 days) diarrhea, adjusted for confounders and lasting for at least 1 year. Data on G. lamblia detection (mainly in stools) from diarrhea patients and controls without diarrhea were abstracted. Random effects model meta-analysis obtained pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Twelve nonindustrialized-setting acute pediatric diarrhea studies met the meta-analysis inclusion criteria. Random-effects model meta-analysis of combined results (9774 acute diarrhea cases and 8766 controls) yielded a pooled OR of 0.60 (95% CI, .38-.94; P = .03), indicating that G. lamblia was not associated with acute diarrhea. However, limited data suggest that initial Giardia infections in early infancy may be positively associated with diarrhea. Meta-analysis of 5 persistent diarrhea studies showed a pooled OR of 3.18 (95% CI, 1.50-6.76; P < .001), positively linking Giardia with that syndrome. The well-powered Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) is prospectively addressing the association between G. lamblia infection and diarrhea in children in developing countries.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.