ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2013
The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 798 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Association of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) Thickness With Cerebrospinal Fluid Aβ and Tau Concentration
Retinal Thickness as a Potential Biomarker of Neurodegeneration and Early Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
The Predictive Value of Retinal Vascular Signs for Patients With Intracranial Artery Stenosis: A Prospective, Continuity Study, Cross-sectional Study
Who cites it
798 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The effect of lithium on the structure and function of the human retina: a systematic review.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in epilepsy: a meta-analysis comparing affected patients with healthy controls.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Altered resting-state brain function in diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis of combined transcriptome-neuroimaging study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders using retina as an external window: A systematic review of OCT-MRI correlations.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Pooled it
- Systemic Diseases and the Eye: A Translational Perspective on Diabetes.Chronic diseases and translational medicine · 2026Review
- Association of systemic aging and frailty with retinal alterations: insights from an integrated exposome and metabolome framework.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Multimodal Retinal Imaging Correlates With Brain Atrophy and Plasma Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Retinal proteomics in neurodegeneration: Insights into ocular and brain disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Association of baseline brain care score with the incidence of age-related eye diseases.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- The Underutilized Ocular Fundus in Emergency Departments: Current Progress and Future Prospect of Imaging and Artificial Intelligence for Patient Care.Ophthalmology science · 2026Review
- Deep learning-derived retinal age gap and its associations with lifestyle, systemic, and ocular health in a health screening cohort.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Resveratrol's Neuroprotective Effects on the Retina in a Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy Model in Rats: Insights into SIRT1 Signaling, Apoptosis, and Gliosis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Retinal Microvascular Changes Associated with Concurrent Morphologic/Hematologic Response to Induction Therapy in Acute Leukemia: An Exploratory Prospective Wide-Field Swept-Source OCT Angiography Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- When sleep daily rhythm meets the eye: sleep regularity as a behavioral signal of ocular aging.Sleep · 2026Article
- Multimodal Retinal Imaging for the Detection of Early Alzheimer's Disease: Combining Biochemical, Structural, and Vascular Biomarkers.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Retinal microvascular changes are related to indicators of glymphatic dysfunction and small vessel disease in frontotemporal dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Revisiting retinal and macular degeneration in the genomics era.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Review
- AI-driven multimodal retinal imaging for early detection and risk stratification of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Retinal Vascularity Index in Mild Cognitive Impairment.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
738 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Philosophers defined the eye as a window to the soul long before scientists addressed this cliché to determine its scientific basis and clinical relevance. Anatomically and developmentally, the retina is known as an extension of the CNS; it consists of retinal ganglion cells, the axons of which form the optic nerve, whose fibres are, in effect, CNS axons. The eye has unique physical structures and a local array of surface molecules and cytokines, and is host to specialized immune responses similar to those in the brain and spinal cord. Several well-defined neurodegenerative conditions that affect the brain and spinal cord have manifestations in the eye, and ocular symptoms often precede conventional diagnosis of such CNS disorders. Furthermore, various eye-specific pathologies share characteristics of other CNS pathologies. In this Review, we summarize data that support examination of the eye as a noninvasive approach to the diagnosis of select CNS diseases, and the use of the eye as a valuable model to study the CNS. Translation of eye research to CNS disease, and deciphering the role of immune cells in these two systems, could improve our understanding and, potentially, the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
23165340What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.