ArticleOncoimmunology2012
Trial watch: FDA-approved Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy.
Article in Oncoimmunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 244 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathophysiological roles of monocytes and macrophages in cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Emerging therapeutics targeting tumor-associated macrophages for the treatment of solid organ cancers.Expert opinion on emerging drugs · 2025Review
- In Situ Cancer Vaccines: Redefining Immune Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in Therapeutic Peptides: Innovations and Applications in Treating Infections and Diseases.ACS omega · 2025Review
- Phototherapy in cancer treatment: strategies and challenges.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- TLR7/8/9 agonists and low-dose cisplatin synergistically promotes tertiary lymphatic structure formation and antitumor immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Systemic IFN-I combined with topical TLR7/8 agonists promotes distant tumor suppression by c-Jun-dependent IL-12 expression in dendritic cells.Nature cancer · 2025Article
- Current update on toll-like receptors and prostate cancer: a decade of progress and emerging insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Nanocarrier design for pathogen-inspired innate immune agonist delivery.Trends in immunology · 2024Review
- Clinical landscape of macrophage-reprogramming cancer immunotherapies.British journal of cancer · 2024Review
- Enhancing in situ cancer vaccines using delivery technologies.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Radiotherapy Combined with Intralesional Immunostimulatory Agents for Soft Tissue Sarcomas.Seminars in radiation oncology · 2024Review
- Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-piperazin-benzo[RSC advances · 2024Article
- Advances in Bacterial Lysate Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases and Cancer.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- The HPV viral regulatory mechanism of TLRs and the related treatments for HPV-associated cancers.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- pH-gated nanoparticles selectively regulate lysosomal function of tumour-associated macrophages for cancer immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Recent Developments in Nanoparticle-Based Photo-Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment.Small methods · 2023Review
- Highlights into historical and current immune interventions for cancer.International immunopharmacology · 2023Review
- Photoactivatable nanoagonists chemically programmed for pharmacokinetic tuning and in situ cancer vaccination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have first been characterized for their capacity to detect conserved microbial components like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA, resulting in the elicitation of potent (innate) immune responses against invading pathogens. More recently, TLRs have also been shown to promote the activation of the cognate immune system against cancer cells. Today, only three TLR agonists are approved by FDA for use in humans: the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and imiquimod. BCG (an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis) is mainly used as a vaccine against tuberculosis, but also for the immunotherapy of in situ bladder carcinoma. MPL (derived from the LPS of Salmonella minnesota) is included in the formulation of Cervarix®, a vaccine against human papillomavirus-16 and -18. Imiquimod (a synthetic imidazoquinoline) is routinely employed for actinic keratosis, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and external genital warts (condylomata acuminata). In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recently completed clinical trials and discuss the progress of ongoing studies that have evaluated/are evaluating FDA-approved TLR agonists as off-label medications for cancer therapy.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.