ArticleEuropean journal of immunology2013
HCV-infected hepatocytes drive CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development through the Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway.
Article in European journal of immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- MicroRNA-155 regulates interferon-γ production in natural killer cells via Tim-3 signalling in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.Immunology · 2015Trial
- Unveiling the nexus between direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus elimination and immune response.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Unveiling the nexus between direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus elimination and immune response.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Multifaceted roles of Galectins: from carbohydrate binding to targeted cancer therapy.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Involvement of Tim-3 in Maternal-fetal Tolerance: A Review of Current Understanding.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Comparison the impact of IFN-β alone or in combination with vitamin D on critical pathways involved in AML progression.PloS one · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Liver Diseases.Viruses · 2024Review
- TIM-3 signaling contributes to the suppressive capacity of Tregs from people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2023Article
- Review
- Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose Modulates Local Viral Immune Defense by Supporting the Regulatory Functions of Intestinal Epithelial and Immune Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system.European journal of medical research · 2022Review
- Immunotherapy: Reshape the Tumor Immune Microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Secreted filarial nematode galectins modulate host immune cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Role of Exosomes in Chronic Liver Disease Development and Their Potential Clinical Applications.Journal of immunology research · 2022Review
- Endometrial regenerative cells with galectin-9 high-expression attenuate experimental autoimmune hepatitis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2021Article
- Extracellular Vesicle Release Promotes Viral Replication during Persistent HCV Infection.Cells · 2021Article
- Emerging role and therapeutic application of exosome in hepatitis virus infection and associated diseases.Journal of gastroenterology · 2021Review
- The role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway in T-cell function and prognosis of patients with human papilloma virus-associated cervical carcinoma.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2021Article
- The Role of Exosomes in Viral Hepatitis and Its Associated Liver Diseases.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Review
- Galectin-9 is required for endometrial regenerative cells to induce long-term cardiac allograft survival in mice.Stem cell research & therapy · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
HCV is remarkable at disrupting human immunity to establish chronic infection. The accumulation of Treg cells at the site of infection and upregulation of inhibitory signaling pathways (such as T-cell Ig and mucin domain protein-3 (Tim-3) and galectin-9 (Gal-9)) play pivotal roles in suppressing antiviral effector T (Teff) cells that are essential for viral clearance. While Tim-3/Gal-9 interactions have been shown to negatively regulate Teff cells, their role in regulating Treg cells is poorly understood. To explore how Tim-3/Gal-9 interactions regulate HCV-mediated Treg-cell development, here we provide pilot data showing that HCV-infected human hepatocytes express higher levels of Gal-9 and TGF-β, and upregulate Tim-3 expression and regulatory cytokines TGF-β/IL-10 in co-cultured human CD4(+) T cells, driving conventional CD4(+) T cells into CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells. Additionally, recombinant Gal-9 protein can transform TCR-activated CD4(+) T cells into Foxp3(+) Treg cells in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, blocking Tim-3/Gal-9 ligations abrogates HCV-mediated Treg-cell induction by HCV-infected hepatocytes, suggesting that Tim-3/Gal-9 interactions may regulate human Foxp3(+) Treg-cell development and function during HCV infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.