Trial reportAmerican journal of preventive medicine2012
Cigarette warning label policy alternatives and smoking-related health disparities.
Trial report in American journal of preventive medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic Review of Measures Used in Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warning Experiments.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Pooled it
- Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies.Tobacco control · 2016Pooled it
- Developing and testing health warnings about alcohol and risk for breast cancer: Results from a national experiment with young adult women in the United States.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025Trial
- Differential Responses to Cigarette Package Labeling Alternatives Among Adults Who Smoke: Results From a Randomized Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Combining Inserts With Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs to Promote Smoking Cessation: A 2-Week Randomized Trial.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2024Trial
- A mixed-method study of perceptions of cigarette pack inserts among adult smokers from New York and South Carolina exposed as part of a randomized controlled trial.Health education research · 2023Trial
- Impact of health warning labels and calorie labels on selection and purchasing of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks: A randomized controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Trial
- Impact of pictorial health warning labels on smoking beliefs and perceptions among waterpipe smokers: an online randomised cross-over experimental study.Tobacco control · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Designing Effective Testimonial Pictorial Warning Labels for Tobacco Products.Health communication · 2019Trial
- Effects of 30% and 50% Cigarette Pack Graphic Warning Labels on Visual Attention, Negative Affect, Quit Intentions, and Smoking Susceptibility among Disadvantaged Populations in the United States.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2018Trial
- Trajectories of Responses to Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2018Trial
- Testing Cessation Messages for Cigarette Package Inserts: Findings from a Best/Worst Discrete Choice Experiment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Potential Effectiveness of Pictorial Warning Labels That Feature the Images and Personal Details of Real People.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Trial
- Exposure to graphic warning labels on cigarette packages: Effects on implicit and explicit attitudes towards smoking among young adults.Psychology & health · 2016Trial
- Trial
- The Role of Harm Visibility for Pictorial Health Warning Labels on Cigars.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Effects of cigarette price and packaging on hypothetical quit-smoking behaviour: a discrete choice experiment among Vietnamese adults who smoke.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Association between textual and pictorial warnings on tumbac (waterpipe tobacco) boxes and motivation to quit waterpipe smoking among Lebanese and Iraqi adolescents.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Youth Exposure and Response to the FDA Health Warning Label on Electronic Cigarettes Packaging: Policy Implications.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on byAuthor response.2013
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPictorial health warning labels on cigarette packaging have been proposed for the U.S., but their potential influences among populations that suffer tobacco-related health disparities are unknown. PURPOSE: To evaluate pictorial health warning labels, including moderation of their influences by health literacy and race.
methodsFrom July 2011 to January 2012, field experiments were conducted with 981 adult smokers who were randomized to control (i.e., text-only labels, n=207) and experimental conditions (i.e., pictorial labels, n=774). The experimental condition systematically varied health warning label stimuli by health topic and image type. Linear mixed effects (LME) models estimated the influence of health warning label characteristics and participant characteristics on label ratings. Data were analyzed from January 2012 to April 2012.
resultsCompared to text-only warning labels, pictorial warning labels were rated as more personally relevant (5.7 vs 6.8, p<0.001) and effective (5.4 vs 6.8, p<0.001), and as more credible, but only among participants with low health literacy (7.6 vs 8.2, p<0.001). Within the experimental condition, pictorial health warning labels with graphic imagery had significantly higher ratings of credibility, personal relevance, and effectiveness than imagery of human suffering and symbolic imagery. Significant interactions indicated that labels with graphic imagery produced minimal differences in ratings across racial groups and levels of health literacy, whereas other imagery produced greater group differences.
conclusionsPictorial health warning labels with graphic images have the most-pronounced short-term impacts on adult smokers, including smokers from groups that have in the past been hard to reach.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.