ArticleToxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology2013
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol impairs the inflammatory response to influenza infection: role of antigen-presenting cells and the cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2.
Article in Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cannabis Use During Pregnancy Is Associated with the Suppression of Circulating Maternal Cytokines.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2026Article
- Derivation of a health-based guidance value for ΔEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Anti-Infective Screening of Selected Nine Cannabinoids AgainstCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Cannabis use, oral dysbiosis, and neurological disorders.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2024Review
- Immunomodulatory effects of cannabinoids against viral infections: a review of its potential use in SARS-CoV2 infection.Virusdisease · 2024Review
- Beyond prediction: unveiling the prognostic power of μ-opioid and cannabinoid receptors, alongside immune mediators, in assessing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Dried Cannabis Use, Tobacco Smoking, and COVID-19 Infection: Findings from a Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2024Article
- Weed, sex and influenza.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Cannabis smoke suppresses antiviral immune responses to influenza A in mice.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Cannabinoid receptor 2 evolutionary gene loss makes parrots more susceptible to neuroinflammation.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Their Potential Use in the Treatment of COVID-19-Related Pathologies.Journal of xenobiotics · 2022Review
- Considerations for Cannabinoids in Perioperative Care by Anesthesiologists.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Cannabidiol and Terpene Formulation Reducing SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity Tackling a Therapeutic Strategy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Functional variation (Q63R) in the cannabinoid CB2 receptor may affect the severity of COVID-19: a human study and molecular docking.Archives of virology · 2021Article
- Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabinoids in the Immunomodulation of Prevalent Autoimmune Diseases.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2021Review
- Cannabinoids and Inflammations of the Gut-Lung-Skin Barrier.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
- The Immunopathology of COVID-19 and the Cannabis Paradigm.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Autophagy Effects of the Cannabinoid Receptor CB2R: Possibility of Modulation in Type 1 Diabetes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Opioids/cannabinoids as a potential therapeutic approach in COVID-19 patients.Expert review of respiratory medicine · 2020Article
- Cannabinoid-Induced Immunomodulation during Viral Infections: A Focus on Mitochondria.Viruses · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) has potent immune modulatory properties and can impair pathogen-induced immune defenses, which in part have been attributed to ligation of the cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB(1)) and 2 (CB(2)). Most recently, dendritic cells (DC) were identified for their potential to enhance influenza-induced immunopathology in mice lacking CB(1) and CB(2) (CB(1) (-/-)CB(2) (-/-)). This study focused on the modulation of the inflammatory immune response to influenza by Δ(9)-THC and the role of CB(1) and/or CB(2) as receptor targets for Δ(9)-THC. C57Bl/6 (wild type) and CB(1) (-/-)CB(2) (-/-) mice were administered Δ(9)-THC (75 mg/kg) surrounding the intranasal instillation of A/PR/8/34 influenza virus. Three days post infection (dpi), Δ(9)-THC broadly decreased expression levels of mRNA induced by the innate immune response to influenza, suppressed the percentage of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-producing CD4(+) and interleukin-17-producing NK1.1(+) cells, and reduced the influx of antigen-presenting cells (APC), including inflammatory myeloid cells and monocytes/macrophages, into the lung in a CB(1)- and/or CB(2)-dependent manner. Δ(9)-THC had little effect on the expression of CD86, major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I), and MHC II by APC isolated from the lung. In vitro studies demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maturation was suppressed by Δ(9)-THC in bone marrow-derived DC (bmDC). Furthermore, antigen-specific IFN-γ production by CD8(+) T cells after coculture was reduced by Δ(9)-THC treatment of bmDC in a CB(1)- and/or CB(2)-dependent manner. Collectively, these studies suggest that Δ(9)-THC potently suppresses myeloid cell immune function, in a manner involving CB(1) and/or CB(2), thereby impairing immune responses to influenza infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.