ArticleNeurology2012
Traumatic brain injury, paraquat exposure, and their relationship to Parkinson disease.
Article in Neurology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is traumatic brain injury a risk factor for neurodegeneration? A meta-analysis of population-based studies.BMC neurology · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Revisiting cirrhosis-related parkinsonism: a comprehensive review.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Pesticides and parkinson's disease: causal relationship at the population and individual level?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Environmental toxins in neurodegeneration - a narrative review.Neurological research and practice · 2025Review
- Epigenetic regulation in spinal muscular atrophy: emerging areas and future directions.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Review
- History of Traumatic Brain Injury Does Not Influence Rate of Progression of Clinical or Pathological Outcomes in Two Early Parkinson's Disease Cohorts.European journal of neurology · 2025Observational
- Higher systemic immune-inflammation index is associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease in adults: a nationwide population-based study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Review
- An antioxidant and anti-ER stress combination therapy elevates phosphorylation of α-Syn at serine 129 and alleviates post-TBI PD-like pathology in a sex-specific manner in mice.Experimental neurology · 2024Article
- The Body, the Brain, the Environment, and Parkinson's Disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Review
- Parkinson's Disease Is Predominantly an Environmental Disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Neuroprotective Effects of Black Pepper and Its Bioactive Compounds in Age-Related Neurological Disorders.Aging and disease · 2023Review
- Former participation in professional football as an occupation in patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder leading to a synucleinopathy: a case-control study.Journal of neurology · 2023Article
- An Efficient 2D Protocol for Differentiation of iPSCs into Mature Postmitotic Dopaminergic Neurons: Application for Modeling Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Traumatic brain injury-associated epigenetic changes and the risk for neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Pesticides and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Convergent Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2023Review
- High Pesticide Exposure Events and Dream-Enacting Behaviors Among US Farmers.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2022Article
- Resveratrol exhibits neuroprotection against paraquat-induced PC12 cells via heme oxygenase 1 upregulation by decreasing MiR-136-5p expression.Bioengineered · 2022Article
- Preventing Parkinson's Disease: An Environmental Agenda.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTraumatic brain injury (TBI) increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in many but not all epidemiologic studies, giving rise to speculations about modifying factors. A recent animal study suggested that the combination of TBI with subthreshold paraquat exposure increases dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The objective of our study was to investigate PD risk due to both TBI and paraquat exposure in humans.
methodsFrom 2001 to 2011, we enrolled 357 incident idiopathic PD cases and 754 population controls in central California. Study participants were asked to report all head injuries with loss of consciousness for >5 minutes. Paraquat exposure was assessed via a validated geographic information system (GIS) based on records of pesticide applications to agricultural crops in California since 1974. This GIS tool assesses ambient pesticide exposure within 500 m of residences and workplaces.
resultsIn logistic regression analyses, we observed a 2-fold increase in risk of PD for subjects who reported a TBI (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-3.14) and a weaker association for paraquat exposures (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02-1.81). However, the risk of developing PD was 3-fold higher (AOR 3.01, 95% CI 1.51-6.01) in study participants with a TBI and exposure to paraquat than those exposed to neither risk factor.
conclusionsWhile TBI and paraquat exposure each increase the risk of PD moderately, exposure to both factors almost tripled PD risk. These environmental factors seem to act together to increase PD risk in a more than additive manner.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.