SynthesisAnnals of family medicine
Interventions to improve influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Annals of family medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies to promote vaccination uptake.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of influenza vaccination following correspondence: Considerations for COVID-19.Vaccine · 2021Pooled it
- Interventions on health care providers to improve seasonal influenza vaccination rates among patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence since 2000.Family practice · 2021Pooled it
- Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- The Cost of Interventions to Increase Influenza Vaccination: A Systematic Review.American journal of preventive medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- trips4health: a single-blinded randomised controlled trial incentivising adult public transport use for physical activity gain.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2023Trial
- Increasing Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Uptake in Seniors Using Point-of-Care Informational Interventions in Primary Care in Singapore: A Pragmatic, Cluster-Randomized Crossover Trial.American journal of public health · 2019Trial
- Using the 4 Pillars to increase vaccination among high-risk adults: who benefits?The American journal of managed care · 2017Trial
- Randomized Controlled Trial of Text Message Reminders for Increasing Influenza Vaccination.Annals of family medicine · 2017Trial
- Using the 4 Pillars Practice Transformation Program to Increase Pneumococcal Immunizations for Older Adults: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2017Trial
- Incentivizing Immunity: Black and Latinx Individuals' Attitudes About COVID-19 Vaccine Incentives.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Strategies Used by Community-Based Organizations to Expand Access to Seasonal Vaccinations for Native American, Asian American, Black, and Latinx Populations.American journal of public health · 2026Article
- Population-oriented health promotion and disease prevention interventions in primary healthcare: a scoping review of reviews.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Implementation strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination among adults: A rapid scoping review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Vaccine uptake, associated factors and reasons for vaccination status among the South African elderly; findings and next steps.PloS one · 2024Article
- Use of Information and Communication Technology Strategies to Increase Vaccination Coverage in Older Adults: A Systematic Review.Vaccines · 2023Review
- A complex intervention on vaccination uptake among older adults (≥ 60 years) in Germany - a study protocol with a mixed methods design.BMC primary care · 2023Article
- Low uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination in Al-Jouf region of Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeInfluenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates remain below national targets. We systematically reviewed the effectiveness of quality improvement interventions for increasing the rates of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among community-dwelling adults.
methodsWe included randomized and nonrandomized studies with a concurrent control group. We estimated pooled odds ratios using random effects models, and used the Downs and Black tool to assess the quality of included studies.
resultsMost studies involved elderly primary care patients. Interventions were associated with improvements in the rates of any vaccination (111 comparisons in 77 studies, pooled odds ratio [OR] = 1.61, 95% CI, 1.49-1.75), and influenza (93 comparisons, 65 studies, OR = 1.46, 95% CI, 1.35-1.57) and pneumococcal (58 comparisons, 35 studies, OR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.72-2.3) vaccinations. Interventions that appeared effective were patient financial incentives (influenza only), audit and feedback (influenza only), clinician reminders, clinician financial incentives (influenza only), team change, patient outreach, delivery site changes (influenza only), clinician education (pneumococcus only), and case management (pneumococcus only). Patient outreach was more effective if personal contact was involved. Team changes were more effective where nurses administered influenza vaccinations independently. Heterogeneity in some pooled odds ratios was high, however, and funnel plots showed signs of potential publication bias. Study quality varied but was not associated with outcomes.
conclusionsQuality improvement interventions, especially those that assign vaccination responsibilities to nonphysician personnel or that activate patients through personal contact, can modestly improve vaccination rates in community-dwelling adults. To meet national policy targets, more-potent interventions should be developed and evaluated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.