ArticlePloS one2012
Cryptococcus neoformans-derived microvesicles enhance the pathogenesis of fungal brain infection.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular vesicles in human fungal pathogens: Biogenesis, functions, and translational applications.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Review
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- Unveiling the fungal frontier: mycological insights into inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Research progress on immunometabolism and gut microbiota in cryptococcal meningitis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Deciphering cargo contents in extracellular vesicles ofComputational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- From High Protection to Lethal Effect: Diverse Outcomes of Immunization Against Invasive Candidiasis with DifferentInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
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- IL-6 deficiency accelerates cerebral cryptococcosis and alters glial cell responses.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Corrected and republished from: "Extracellular Vesicle Formation inInfection and immunity · 2024Article
- Extracellular Vesicles fromJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Extracellular vesicles and endothelial dysfunction in infectious diseases.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Review
- Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles Using Titanium Dioxide Microspheres.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
- The emerging links between immunosenescence in innate immune system and neurocryptococcosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Host-Microbiota Interactions.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Traversing the Cell Wall: The Chitinolytic Activity ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Immunomodulatory Potential of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Insights for Therapeutic Applications.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Physiological Roles, Infection Immunology, and Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Characteristics and potential clinical applications of the extracellular vesicles of human pathogenic Fungi.BMC microbiology · 2023Review
- SUR7 deletion inJournal of extracellular biology · 2023Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is the most common fungal disease in the central nervous system. The mechanisms by which Cryptococcus neoformans invades the brain are largely unknown. In this study, we found that C. neoformans-derived microvesicles (CnMVs) can enhance the traversal of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by C. neoformans invitro. The immunofluorescence imaging demonstrates that CnMVs can fuse with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), the constituents of the BBB. This activity is presumably due to the ability of the CnMVs to activate HBMEC membrane rafts and induce cell fusogenic activity. CnMVs also enhanced C. neoformans infection of the brain, found in both infected brains and cerebrospinal fluid. In infected mouse brains, CnMVs are distributed inside and around C. neoformans-induced cystic lesions. GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)-positive astrocytes were found surrounding the cystic lesions, overlapping with the 14-3-3-GFP (14-3-3-green fluorescence protein fusion) signals. Substantial changes could be observed in areas that have a high density of CnMV staining. This is the first demonstration that C. neoformans-derived microvesicles can facilitate cryptococcal traversal across the BBB and accumulate at lesion sites of C. neoformans-infected brains. Results of this study suggested that CnMVs play an important role in the pathogenesis of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.