ReviewVaccine2012
Virus-like particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: diversity of targets and production systems and advances in clinical development.
Review in Vaccine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 260 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
260 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Review: A systematic review of virus-like particles of coronavirus: Assembly, generation, chimerism and their application in basic research and in the clinic.International journal of biological macromolecules · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Topological learning prediction of virus-like particle stoichiometry and stability.Biophysical journal · 2026Article
- Review
- Nanoparticle Engineering in Modern Vaccinology: From Delivery Platforms to Immune-Programming Architectures.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Structural insight into the assembly and D antigenicity of polio type 1 stabilized virus-like particles.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Virus Biomimetic-Delivery Systems for the Production of Vaccines.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Rapid, Scalable, and Cost-Effective Manufacturing of Uniform Non-Enveloped, Tag-Free Virus-Like Particles.Current protocols · 2026Article
- E2 Protein of Chikungunya Virus: A Narrative Review of Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target.Current drug targets · 2026Review
- A Self-Assembling β-Annulus Nanoparticle Vaccine Incorporating OX40L Confers Partial Protection Against NADC30-Like PRRSV in Piglets.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- The Use of Virus-like Particles as Immunogens to Treat Infectious Diseases.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Engineering strategies and decision frameworks for virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- A Plasmodium-derived nanoparticle vaccine elicits sterile protection against malaria in mice.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Porcine Parvovirus virus-like particle vaccine induces long-term humoral immunity by recruiting T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Precision gene editing: The power of CRISPR-Cas in modern genetics.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- mRNA vaccine platforms and novel delivery systems: From mechanistic principles to clinical translation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Targeted Lymph Node Immunization with Serotype-Specific Dengue VLP Vaccines Enhances Antibody Avidity and Specificity.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity of Virus-like Particles Based on VP1 Protein of Bovine Norovirus.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- The TLR7/8 agonist INI-4001 enhances the immunogenicity of a Powassan virus-like-particle vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Virus-like Particles Produced in the Baculovirus System Protect Hares from European Brown Hare Syndrome Virus (EBHSV) Infection.Vaccines · 2025Article
200 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of subunit vaccines that differentiate themselves from soluble recombinant antigens by stronger protective immunogenicity associated with the VLP structure. Like parental viruses, VLPs can be either non-enveloped or enveloped, and they can form following expression of one or several viral structural proteins in a recombinant heterologous system. Depending on the complexity of the VLP, it can be produced in either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system using target-encoding recombinant vectors, or in some cases can be assembled in cell-free conditions. To date, a wide variety of VLP-based candidate vaccines targeting various viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal pathogens, as well as non-infectious diseases, have been produced in different expression systems. Some VLPs have entered clinical development and a few have been licensed and commercialized. This article reviews VLP-based vaccines produced in different systems, their immunogenicity in animal models and their status in clinical development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.