Trial reportThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2012
Household costs for treatment of severe pneumonia in Pakistan.
Trial report in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of chest indrawing pneumonia in children aged 2-59 months by community-level workers compared to standard care on clinical outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Cost of Nine Pediatric Infectious Illnesses in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Cost-of-Illness Studies.PharmacoEconomics · 2020Pooled it
- Economic evaluation of community acquired pneumonia management strategies: A systematic review of literature.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Does task shifting yield cost savings and improve efficiency for health systems? A systematic review of evidence from low-income and middle-income countries.Human resources for health · 2017Pooled it
- Cost of management of severe pneumonia in young children: systematic analysis.Journal of global health · 2016Pooled it
- Innovative, enhanced community management of non-hypoxaemic chest-indrawing pneumonia in 2-59-month-old children: a cluster-randomised trial in Africa and Asia.BMJ global health · 2022Trial
- Community-based amoxicillin treatment for fast breathing pneumonia in young infants 7-59 days old: a cluster randomised trial in rural Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India and Malawi.BMJ global health · 2021Trial
- Outpatient management of children with chest indrawing pneumonia in primary healthcare settings in Punjab, Pakistan: a prospective cohort study.Journal of global health · 2026Observational
- Evaluation and Comparison of Antibiotic Prescribing Practices and Treatment Outcomes in Children with Pneumonia Admitted to Public and Private Hospitals in Pakistan: A Retrospective Study.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Observational
- Outcome and management of children with chest indrawing pneumonia at primary health care settings in Pakistan: an observational cohort study.Journal of global health · 2025Observational
- Magnitude and determinant of healthcare-seeking behavior for childhood acute respiratory tract infections in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Cost of treating sick young infants (0-59 days) with Possible Serious Bacterial Infection in resource-constrained outpatient primary care facilities: An insight from implementation research in two districts of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (India).Journal of global health · 2023Article
- Changing Perceptions of Rural Frontline Workers and Caregivers About Management of Childhood Diarrhea and Pneumonia Despite Several Inequities: The Nigraan Plus Trial in Pakistan.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2021Article
- One-arm safety intervention study on community case management of chest indrawing pneumonia in children in Nigeria - a study protocol.Global health action · 2020Article
- Household Costs Associated with Hospitalization of Children with Severe Pneumonia in Quito, Ecuador.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Patient-level cost of home- and facility-based child pneumonia treatment in Suba Sub County, Kenya.PloS one · 2019Article
- Prevalence, determinants and health care-seeking behavior of childhood acute respiratory tract infections in Bangladesh.PloS one · 2019Article
- Exploring health care seeking knowledge, perceptions and practices for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia and their context in a rural Pakistani community.BMC health services research · 2018Article
- A protocol for a systematic review of economic evaluation studies conducted on neonatal systemic infections in South Asia.Systematic reviews · 2017Article
- Cost of Treatment of Febrile Acute Respiratory Infection (FARI) Among Under-Five Children Attending Health Facilities of Ballabgarh, Haryana.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for severe pneumonia treatment of under-5 children recommend hospital referral. However, high treatment cost is a major barrier for communities. We compared household costs for referred cases with management by lady health workers (LHWs) using oral antibiotics. This study was nested within a cluster randomized trial in Haripur, Pakistan. Data on direct and indirect costs were collected through interviews and record reviews in the 14 intervention and 14 control clusters. The average household cost/case for a LHW managed case was $1.46 compared with $7.60 for referred cases. When the cost of antibiotics provided by the LHW program was excluded from the estimates, the cost/case came to $0.25 and $7.51 for the community managed and referred cases, respectively, a 30-fold difference. Expanding severe pneumonia treatment with oral amoxicillin to community level could significantly reduce household costs and improve access to the underprivileged population, preventing many child deaths.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.