Trial reportPsychopharmacology2013
Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects.
Trial report in Psychopharmacology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- The translational potential of salvinorin A: systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Naltrexone but Not Ketanserin Antagonizes the Subjective, Cardiovascular, and Neuroendocrine Effects of Salvinorin-A in Humans.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2016Trial
- Evaluating the evidence for repressed memory recovery in psychedelic contexts.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Psychedelics and Autism Therapy: A Review of Current Research and Future Directions.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Opioid Receptors in Psychedelia: Indirect Serotonergic Modulation of Direct KOR Activation by Salvinorin A.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Kappa opioid receptor control of motivated behavior revisited.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- KOR agonists for the treatment and/or prevention of opioid use disorder and cocaine use disorder.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2025Review
- Addressing blinding in classic psychedelic studies with innovative active placebos.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Review
- The Hallucinogen Rating Scale: Updated Factor Structure in a Large, Multistudy Sample.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Emerging Psychotropic Drug for the Treatment of Trigeminal Pain: Salvinorin A.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Contingent administration of typical and biased kappa opioid agonists reduces cocaine and oxycodone choice in a drug vs. food choice procedure in male rhesus monkeys.Psychopharmacology · 2024Article
- A Focused Review on Cognitive Improvement by the GenusPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Solving an Old Puzzle: Elucidation and Evaluation of the Binding Mode of Salvinorin A at the Kappa Opioid Receptor.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Recent advances in the study of anesthesia-and analgesia-related mechanisms of S-ketamine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Key Characteristics and Development of Psychoceuticals: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The Altered States Database: Psychometric data from a systematic literature review.Scientific data · 2022Article
- Tramadol and Codeine Stacking/Boosting Dose Exposure Induced Neurotoxic Behaviors, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neurotoxic Genes in Adolescent Mice.Neurotoxicity research · 2022Article
- Models of psychedelic drug action: modulation of cortical-subcortical circuits.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Dynorphin/Kappa-Opioid Receptor System Modulation of Cortical Circuitry.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2022Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleSalvinorin A is a kappa opioid agonist and the principal psychoactive constituent of the plant Salvia divinorum, which has increased in popularity as a recreational drug over the past decade. Few human studies have examined salvinorin A.
objectiveThis double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the dose-related effects of inhaled salvinorin A in individuals with histories of hallucinogen use.
methodsEight healthy hallucinogen-using adults inhaled up to 16 doses of salvinorin A (0.375-21 μg/kg) in ascending order. Physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects were assessed every 2 min for 60 min after administration. Qualitative subjective effects were assessed retrospectively via questionnaires at the end of sessions. Persisting effects were assessed 1 month later.
resultsOrderly dose-related effects peaked at 2 min and then rapidly dissipated, replicating previous findings. Subjective effects were intense, with maximal drug strength ratings or unresponsiveness frequently observed at high doses. Questionnaires assessing qualitative effects (Hallucinogen Rating Scale, Pharmacological Class Questionnaire) suggested some overlap with serotonergically mediated classic hallucinogens. Salvinorin A also produced dose-related dissociative effects and impairments in recall/recognition memory. At 1-month follow-up, there was no evidence of persisting adverse effects. Participants reported that salvinorin A effects were qualitatively different from other drugs.
conclusionsSalvinorin A produces a unique profile of subjective and cognitive effects, including strong dissociative effects and memory impairment, which only partially overlap with classic hallucinogen effects. Along with nonhuman studies of salvinorin A, these results are important for understanding the neurobiology of the kappa opioid system and may ultimately have important therapeutic applications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.