ArticleJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2011
Explaining differences in episodic memory performance among older African Americans and Whites: the roles of factors related to cognitive reserve and test bias.
Article in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The prevalence of Black/African American individuals in concussion literature: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Modifiable lifestyle factors and cognitive reserve: A systematic review of current evidence.Ageing research reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Measurement bias for age, sex, and years of education in selected RDoC tasks.Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · 2026Article
- Associations between sleep and episodic memory performance in a diverse adult lifespan community-based sample: The Offspring study.Sleep health · 2026Article
- Cognitive screening biases in a secondary prevention Alzheimer's disease clinical trial.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Intersectional approaches to cognitive aging: a practical guide to modeling heterogeneous trajectories with GLMM-trees.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Ethnic Disparities in Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Snapshot of Metro-Detroit.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Sustained Purpose in Life is Associated With Slower Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis With a Diverse National Sample.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Receptive vocabulary is superior to education level to account for Black and White neuropsychological performance discrepancies.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2024Article
- Mobility-Based Smartphone Digital Phenotypes for Unobtrusively Capturing Everyday Cognition, Mood, and Community Life-Space in Older Adults: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Validity Study.JMIR human factors · 2024Article
- Cognitive Trajectories and Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers: From Successful Cognitive Aging to Clinical Impairment.Annals of neurology · 2024Article
- Examining cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between multidomain physical fitness metrics, education, and cognition in Black older adults.Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition · 2024Article
- Neuropathological Lesions and Cognitive Abilities in Black and White Older Adults in Brazil.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Cross-cultural Diagnostic Validity of the Multilingual Naming Test (MINT) in a Sample of Older Adults.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2024Article
- Systematic Review of Longitudinal Evidence and Methodologies for Research on Neighborhood Characteristics and Brain Health.Public health reviews · 2024Review
- Measurement and structural invariance of a neuropsychological battery among Middle Eastern/North African, Black, and White older adults.Neuropsychology · 2023Article
- Systematic examination of methodological inconsistency in operationalizing cognitive reserve and its impact on identifying predictors of late-life cognition.BMC geriatrics · 2023Review
- Impact of educational attainment on time to cognitive decline among marginalized older adults: Cohort study of 20,311 adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2023Article
- Intersectionality in Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Female Sex and Black American Race in the Development and Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Review
- Cognitive differences across ethnoracial category, socioeconomic status across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum: Can an ability discrepancy score level the playing field?Memory & cognition · 2023Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Older African Americans tend to perform poorly in comparison with older Whites on episodic memory tests. Observed group differences may reflect some combination of biological differences, measurement bias, and other confounding factors that differ across groups. Cognitive reserve refers to the hypothesis that factors, such as years of education, cognitive activity, and socioeconomic status, promote brain resilience in the face of pathological threats to brain integrity in late life. Educational quality, measured by reading test performance, has been postulated as an important aspect of cognitive reserve. Previous studies have not concurrently evaluated test bias and other explanations for observed differences between older African Americans and Whites. We combined data from two studies to address this question. We analyzed data from 273 African American and 720 White older adults. We assessed DIF using an item response theory/ordinal logistic regression approach. DIF and factors associated with cognitive reserve did not explain the relationship between race, and age- and sex-adjusted episodic memory test performance. However, reading level did explain this relationship. The results reinforce the importance of considering education quality, as measured by reading level, when assessing cognition among diverse older adults.
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