ArticleJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2011
Cognitive activities during adulthood are more important than education in building reserve.
Article in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Social class and the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prospective longitudinal studies.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2023Pooled it
- Modifiable lifestyle factors and cognitive reserve: A systematic review of current evidence.Ageing research reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Mild Cognitive Impairment, Religiosity, Spirituality and all-Cause Mortality Among Chinese Older Adults in Ethnic Minority Communities.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Is grip strength a marker for cognitive function, neurodegeneration, and resilience?GeroScience · 2026Article
- Modeling the importance of life exposure factors on memory performance in diverse older adults: A machine learning approach.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Cognitive and physical activities are associated with cognitive resilience in a memory clinic cohort.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Identifying longitudinal cognitive resilience from cross-sectional amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Article
- General cognitive ability in high school, attained education, occupational complexity, and dementia risk.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Self-reported mid- to late-life physical and recreational activities: Associations with late-life cognition.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2024Article
- Association of diabetes risk with changes in memory, working memory, and processing speed among older adults.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Development of a machine learning algorithm to predict the residual cognitive reserve index.Brain communications · 2024Article
- Effects of early-life environment and adulthood SES on cognitive change in a multiethnic cohort.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2023Article
- Direct Effect of Life-Course Socioeconomic Status on Late-Life Cognition and Cognitive Decline in the Rush Memory and Aging Project.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Cognitive Reserve in Isolated Rapid Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- [Cognitive reserve. A proposal for a new conceptual hypothesis].Revista de neurologia · 2022Article
- Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Verbal Fluency Tests and Boston Naming Test.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Effect of Aging on Educational Differences in the Risk of Cognitive Impairment: A Gender-Specific Analysis Using Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2016).Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Cognitively stimulating environments and cognitive reserve: the case of personal social networks.Neurobiology of aging · 2022Article
- Quantifying and Examining Reserve in Symptomatic Former National Football League Players.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2022Article
- Vascular Brain Lesions, Cognitive Reserve, and Their Association with Cognitive Profile in Persons with Early-Stage Cognitive Decline.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2022Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Cognitive reserve is thought to reflect life experiences. Which experiences contribute to reserve and their relative importance is not understood. Subjects were 652 autopsied cases from the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study. Reserve was defined as the residual variance of the regressions of cognitive factors on brain pathology and was captured in a latent variable that was regressed on potential determinants of reserve. Neuropathology variables included Alzheimer's disease markers, Lewy bodies, infarcts, microinfarcts, and brain weight. Cognition was measured with six cognitive domain scores. Determinants of reserve were socioeconomic status (SES), education, leisure cognitive activities at age 40 (CA40) and at study enrollment (CAbaseline) in late life. The four exogenous predictors of reserve were weakly to moderately inter-correlated. In a multivariate model, all except SES had statistically significant effects on Reserve, the strongest of which were CA40 (β = .31) and CAbaseline (β = .28). The Education effect was negative in the full model (β = -.25). Results suggest that leisure cognitive activities throughout adulthood are more important than education in determining reserve. Discrepancies between cognitive activity and education may be informative in estimating late life reserve.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.