Trial reportCardiovascular diabetology2012
Associations of the FTO rs9939609 and the MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes are modulated by diet, being higher when adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern is low.
Trial report in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gene-Diet Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies and Clinical Trials.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- The rs17782313 polymorphism near MC4R gene confers a high risk of obesity and hyperglycemia, while PGC1α rs8192678 polymorphism is weakly correlated with glucometabolic disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Assessment of the impact of a personalised nutrition intervention in impaired glucose regulation over 26 weeks: a randomised controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Influence of FTO rs9939609 and Mediterranean diet on body composition and weight loss: a randomized clinical trial.Journal of translational medicine · 2018Trial
- Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Genetic Background Roles within a Web-Based Nutritional Intervention: The Food4Me Study.Nutrients · 2017Trial
- Differences in Weight Loss Between Persons on Standard Balanced vs Nutrigenetic Diets in a Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2015Trial
- The protective effect of the Mediterranean diet on endothelial resistance to GLP-1 in type 2 diabetes: a preliminary report.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2014Trial
- A randomised controlled trial of increasing fruit and vegetable intake and how this influences the carotenoid concentration and activities of PON-1 and LCAT in HDL from subjects with type 2 diabetes.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2014Trial
- Genetic variations interact with polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure to alter lipid homeostasis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The impact of high-sugar diets on central nervous system disorders: mechanisms, pathogenesis, and dietary implication.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Multi-omics approaches for understanding gene-environment interactions in noncommunicable diseases: techniques, translation, and equity issues.Human genomics · 2025Review
- Nutrient metabolism and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications for rehabilitation and precision care.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- A Healthy Dietary Pattern May Have a Protective Effect Against Cardiovascular Disease Through Its Interaction With the MC4R Gene Polymorphism.Clinical nutrition research · 2024Review
- Precision Nutrition Unveiled: Gene-Nutrient Interactions, Microbiota Dynamics, and Lifestyle Factors in Obesity Management.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Genotype-based precision nutrition strategies for the prediction and clinical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.World journal of diabetes · 2024Review
- The interaction between MC4R gene variant (rs17782313) and dominant dietary patterns on depression in obese and overweight women: a cross sectional study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2023Article
- Precision Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Utility and Limitations.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2023Review
- Are there any interactions between modified Nordic-style diet score and MC4R polymorphism on cardiovascular risk factors among overweight and obese women? A cross-sectional study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2022Article
- The association of genetic susceptibility to smoking with cardiovascular disease mortality and the benefits of adhering to a DASH diet: The Singapore Chinese Health Study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 11 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the fat mass and obesity (FTO) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) genes have been consistently associated with obesity risk, the association between the obesity-risk alleles with type 2 diabetes is still controversial. In some recent meta-analyses in which significant results have been reported, the associations disappeared after adjustment for body mass index (BMI). However gene-diet interactions with dietary patterns have not been investigated. Our main aim was to analyze whether these associations are modulated by the level of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet).
methodsCase-control study in 7,052 high cardiovascular risk subjects (3,430 type 2 diabetes cases and 3,622 non-diabetic subjects) with no differences in BMI. Diet was assessed by validated questionnaires. FTO-rs9939609 and MC4R-rs17782313 were determined. An aggregate genetic score was calculated to test additive effects. Gene-diet interactions were analyzed.
resultsNeither of the polymorphisms was associated with type 2 diabetes in the whole population. However, we found consistent gene-diet interactions with adherence to the MedDiet both for the FTO-rs9939609 (P-interaction=0.039), the MC4R-rs17782313 (P-interaction=0.009) and for their aggregate score (P-interaction=0.006). When adherence to the MedDiet was low, carriers of the variant alleles had higher type 2 diabetes risk (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.03-1.40; P=0.019 for FTO-rs9939609 and OR=1.17, 95%CI:1.01-1.36; P=0.035 for MC4R-rs17782313) than wild-type subjects. However, when adherence to the MedDiet was high, these associations disappeared (OR=0.97, 95%CI: 0.85-1.16; P=0.673 for FTO-rs9939609 and OR=0.89, 95%CI:0.78-1.02; P=0.097 for MC4R-rs17782313). These gene-diet interactions remained significant even after adjustment for BMI. As MedDiet is rich in folate, we also specifically examined folate intake and detected statistically significant interaction effects on fasting plasma glucose concentrations in non-diabetic subjects. However these findings should be interpreted with caution because folate intake may simply reflect a healthy dietary pattern.
conclusionsThese novel results suggest that the association of the FTO-rs9939609 and the MC4R-rs17782313 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes depends on diet and that a high adherence to the MedDiet counteracts the genetic predisposition.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.