ArticleInternational journal of cancer2013
Reproductive and hormonal factors and the risk of lung cancer: the EAGLE study.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive factors and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2020Pooled it
- Menopausal status and the risk of lung cancer in women: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis.Medicine · 2017Pooled it
- LDCT screening for lung cancer in East Asian never-smokers: balancing benefits and overdiagnosis-related harms.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Review
- Article
- The association between different hormone replacement therapy use and the incidence of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2022Article
- Incidence of Lung Cancer Among Never-Smoking Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Females.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2022Article
- Menstrual factors, reproductive history, and risk of lung cancer: a multi-center population-based cohort study in Chinese females.Translational lung cancer research · 2021Article
- The prognostic factors of recurrence and survival in female patients with lung adenocarcinoma and breast cancer.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2020Article
- Female reproductive factors and the risk of lung cancer in postmenopausal women: a nationwide cohort study.British journal of cancer · 2020Article
- Reproductive and Hormonal Factors in Relation to Lung Cancer Among Nepali Women.Frontiers in oncology · 2019Article
- Association of Combined Estrogen-Progestogen and Progestogen-Only Contraceptives with the Development of Cancer.The Linacre quarterly · 2018Review
- Article
- Article
- Menstrual and reproductive factors and lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis from the international lung cancer consortium.International journal of cancer · 2017Article
- A consensus statement on the gender perspective in lung cancer.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2017Review
- Removal of all ovarian tissue versus conserving ovarian tissue at time of hysterectomy in premenopausal patients with benign disease: study using routine data and data linkage.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2017Article
- Hormonal receptors in lung adenocarcinoma: expression and difference in outcome by sex.Oncotarget · 2016Article
- Hazard Ratio of Smoking on Lung Cancer in Korea According to Histological Type and Gender.Lung · 2016Article
- Synchronous Multiple Lung Adenocarcinomas: Estrogen Concentration in Peripheral Lung.PloS one · 2016Article
- Effects of fertility drugs on cancers other than breast and gynecologic malignancies.Fertility and sterility · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Evidence about the role for reproductive and hormonal factors in the etiology of lung cancer in women is conflicting. To clarify this question, we examined 407 female cases and 499 female controls from the Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology population-based case-control study. Subjects were interviewed in person using a computer-assisted personal interview to assess demographics, education, smoking history, medical history, occupational history, reproductive and hormonal factors. Associations of interest were investigated using logistic regression models, adjusted for catchment area and age (matching variables), cigarette smoking (status, pack-years and time since quitting). Additional confounding variables were investigated but did not substantially affect the results. We observed a reduced risk of lung cancer among women with later age at first live birth [≥31 years: odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.31-1.06, p-trend = 0.05], later age at menopause (≥51 years: OR = 0.49, 95%CI = 0.31-0.79, p-trend = 0.003) and longer reproductive periods (≥41 years: OR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.25-0.79, p-trend = 0.01). A reduced risk was also observed for hormone replacement therapy (OR = 0.63, 95%CI = 0.42-0.95, p = 0.03) and oral contraceptive use (OR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.45-1.00, p = 0.05) but no trend with duration of use was detected. Menopausal status (both natural and induced) was associated with an augmented risk. No additional associations were identified for other reproductive variables. This study suggests that women who continue to produce estrogens have a lower lung cancer risk. Large studies with great number of never smoking women, biomarkers of estrogen and molecular classification of lung cancer are needed for a more comprehensive view of the association between reproductive factors and lung cancer risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.