ArticleNeuroImage2013
Statistical analysis of longitudinal neuroimage data with Linear Mixed Effects models.
Article in NeuroImage, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 211 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
211 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 375 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of analytical methods applied to longitudinal studies of malaria.Malaria journal · 2019Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Which Measure Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2017Pooled it
- Microstructural Cerebellar Injury Independently Associated With Processing Speed in Adult Patients With Primary Brain Tumors: Implications for Cognitive Preservation.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics · 2023Trial
- Combined metabolic activators improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease patients: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase-II trial.Translational neurodegeneration · 2023Trial
- Hippocampal plasticity underpins long-term cognitive gains from resistance exercise in MCI.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2020Trial
- The neurocognitive gains of diagnostic reasoning training using simulated interactive veterinary cases.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Prefrontal networks dynamically related to recovery from major depressive disorder: a longitudinal pharmacological fMRI study.Translational psychiatry · 2019Trial
- Lacunar Infarcts, but Not Perivascular Spaces, Are Predictors of Cognitive Decline in Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease.Stroke · 2018Trial
- Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise.NeuroImage · 2016Trial
- Article
- When little brain goes to school: Impact of pedagogy on cerebellar peduncles' development.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Experience-dependent cortical plasticity in response to formal schooling: Effects on networks for reading and mathematics.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- A longitudinal analysis of T1-weighted MRI features associated with progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- "Dense Amygdala": Extensive Complex-valued Functional MRI of the Ventral and Medial Temporal Lobe during Passive Movie Watching in Three Individuals.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Trajectories of Cortical Folding in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A 13-Year Follow-Up Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Multimodal quantitative MRI finds early brain changes in asymptomatic X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Fronto-striatal neurometabolite signatures of impulsivity in early abstinence from methamphetamine.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2026Article
- Association Between U-p53AZ Blood Biomarker and White Matter Microstructure in Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study Using AlzoSure® Predict.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Prediction Using a Multimodal Ultrasound-Based Hemispheric Modeling Strategy: A Prospective Dual-Center Study.Neurocritical care · 2025Article
- Dissecting real-world memory clinical cohort heterogeneity: analysis of neuroanatomical subtypes using HYDRA.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
151 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Longitudinal neuroimaging (LNI) studies are rapidly becoming more prevalent and growing in size. Today, no standardized computational tools exist for the analysis of LNI data and widely used methods are sub-optimal for the types of data encountered in real-life studies. Linear Mixed Effects (LME) modeling, a mature approach well known in the statistics community, offers a powerful and versatile framework for analyzing real-life LNI data. This article presents the theory behind LME models, contrasts it with other popular approaches in the context of LNI, and is accompanied with an array of computational tools that will be made freely available through FreeSurfer - a popular Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) analysis software package. Our core contribution is to provide a quantitative empirical evaluation of the performance of LME and competing alternatives popularly used in prior longitudinal structural MRI studies, namely repeated measures ANOVA and the analysis of annualized longitudinal change measures (e.g. atrophy rate). In our experiments, we analyzed MRI-derived longitudinal hippocampal volume and entorhinal cortex thickness measurements from a public dataset consisting of Alzheimer's patients, subjects with mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls. Our results suggest that the LME approach offers superior statistical power in detecting longitudinal group differences.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.