ArticleArchives of general psychiatry2012
Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring substance use and problems.
Article in Archives of general psychiatry, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Talking to Your Patients About Alcohol, Marijuana, and Substance Use During Pregnancy.The primary care companion for CNS disorders · 2025Article
- Association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and smoking behaviors in adult offspring.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- A nation-wide Swedish study of opioid analgesic prescribing patterns during pregnancy and associated preexisting mental health conditions.The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2022Article
- Maternal smoking trajectory during pregnancy predicts offspring's smoking and substance use - The Northern Finland birth cohort 1966 study.Preventive medicine reports · 2021Article
- Estimating causal and time-varying effects of maternal smoking on youth smoking.Addictive behaviors · 2021Article
- A population-based study of concurrent prescriptions of opioid analgesic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications during pregnancy and risk for adverse birth outcomes.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2021Article
- Aggressive behaviour in childhood and adolescence: the role of smoking during pregnancy, evidence from four twin cohorts in the EU-ACTION consortium.Psychological medicine · 2019Article
- Early adolescent outcomes of joint developmental trajectories of problem behavior and IQ in childhood.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2018Article
- Outcome-dependent associations between short interpregnancy interval and offspring psychological and educational problems: a population-based quasi-experimental study.International journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Inhibitory control in siblings discordant for exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy.Developmental psychology · 2018Article
- Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Offspring Depression: a cross cohort and negative control study.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Substantiated childhood maltreatment and young adulthood cannabis use disorders: A pre-birth cohort study.Psychiatry research · 2017Article
- Prenatal Exposure Effects on Early Adolescent Substance Use: Preliminary Evidence From a Genetically Informed Bayesian Approach.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2017Article
- Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Severe Mental Illness in Offspring.JAMA psychiatry · 2017Article
- Prenatal tobacco exposure, maternal postnatal nicotine dependence and adolescent risk for nicotine dependence: Birth cohort study.Neurotoxicology and teratology · 2017Article
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2017Review
- Daughters of Mothers Who Smoke: A Population-based Cohort Study of Maternal Prenatal Tobacco use and Subsequent Prenatal Smoking in Offspring.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2017Article
- The NLSY Kinship Links: Using the NLSY79 and NLSY-Children Data to Conduct Genetically-Informed and Family-Oriented Research.Behavior genetics · 2016Review
- Effects of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Offspring Externalizing Problems: Contextual Effects in a Sample of Female Twins.Behavior genetics · 2016Article
- Estimating the Roles of Genetic Risk, Perinatal Risk, and Marital Hostility on Early Childhood Adjustment: Medical Records and Self-Reports.Behavior genetics · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextPrevious epidemiological, animal, and human cognitive neuroscience research suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) causes increased risk of substance use/problems in offspring.
objectiveTo determine the extent to which the association between SDP and offspring substance use/problems depends on confounded familial background factors by using a quasi-experimental design.
designWe used 2 separate samples from the United States and Sweden. The analyses prospectively predicted multiple indices of substance use and problems while controlling for statistical covariates and comparing differentially exposed siblings to minimize confounding.
settingOffspring of a representative sample of women in the United States (sample 1) and the total Swedish population born during the period from January 1, 1983, to December 31, 1995 (sample 2). PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsAdolescent offspring of the women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n = 6904) and all offspring born in Sweden during the 13-year period (n = 1,187,360).
main outcome measuresSelf-reported adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use and early onset (before 14 years of age) of each substance (sample 1) and substance-related convictions and hospitalizations for an alcohol- or other drug-related problem (sample 2).
resultsThe same pattern emerged for each index of substance use/problems across the 2 samples. At the population level, maternal SDP predicted every measure of offspring substance use/problems in both samples, ranging from adolescent alcohol use (hazard ratio [HR](moderate), 1.32 [95% CI, 1.22-1.43]; HR(high), 1.33 [1.17-1.53]) to a narcotics-related conviction (HR(moderate), 2.23 [2.14-2.31]; HR(high), 2.97 [2.86-3.09]). When comparing differentially exposed siblings to minimize genetic and environmental confounds, however, the association between SDP and each measure of substance use/problems was minimal and not statistically significant.
conclusionsThe association between maternal SDP and offspring substance use/problems is likely due to familial background factors, not a causal influence, because siblings have similar rates of substance use and problems regardless of their specific exposure to SDP.
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Registered trials
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