ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2012
Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a review with a focus on molecular mechanisms.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of the most cost-saving disease-modifying therapies and factors affecting the budget in the pharmacotherapy of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Occupational risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS): an updated meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2019Pooled it
- Non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Vitamin D for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2018Pooled it
- Up-to-date knowledge about the association between multiple sclerosis and the reactivation of human endogenous retrovirus infections.Journal of neurology · 2018Pooled it
- Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2015Pooled it
- Smoking and multiple sclerosis: evidence for latitudinal and temporal variation.Journal of neurology · 2014Pooled it
- Motor reaction time and accuracy in patients with multiple sclerosis: effects of an active computerized training program.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2019Trial
- Positive association of vitamin D receptor gene variations with multiple sclerosis in South East Iranian population.BioMed research international · 2015Trial
- Exploring causal correlations between oily fish intake and multiple sclerosis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Integrated multi-omics analysis identifies microbial and metabolic signatures and drivers of CNS autoimmunity.mSystems · 2026Article
- GPCR-Driven Muscarinic M1 and Histamine H1 Receptor Signaling Converging on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway: Functional Integration in Neuroinflammation and Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Effects of HLA-DRA, HLA-DQA1 and IL-6 Gene Variations to Glatiramer Acetate Resistance in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Integrated multi-omics analysis identifies microbial and metabolic signatures and drivers of CNS autoimmunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology: a comprehensive review of genetic, environmental, and immunological drivers.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Molecular Insight into the Role of Vitamin D in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Economic burden of multiple sclerosis in an Italian cohort of patients on disease-modifying therapy: analysis of disease cost and its components.Journal of neurology · 2024Observational
- The molecular subtypes of autoimmune diseases.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- Differential Expression of PACAP/VIP Receptors in the Post-Mortem CNS White Matter of Multiple Sclerosis Donors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system commonly affecting young adults. Pathologically, there are patches of inflammation (plaques) with demyelination of axons and oligodendrocyte loss. There is a global latitude gradient in MS prevalence, and incidence of MS is increasing (particularly in females). These changes suggest a major role for environmental factors in causation of disease. We have reviewed the evidence and potential mechanisms of action for three exposures: vitamin D, Epstein Barr virus and cigarette smoking. Recent advances supporting gene-environment interactions are reviewed. Further research is needed to establish mechanisms of causality in humans and to explore preventative strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.