Observational studyInternational urogynecology journal2013
Different episiotomy techniques, postpartum perineal pain, and blood loss: an observational study.
Observational study in International urogynecology journal, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Obstetric anal sphincter injuries after episiotomy: systematic review and meta-analysis.International urogynecology journal · 2016Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Massage and Warm Compresses on Perineal Trauma, Hemorrhage, Length of Episiotomy and Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie · 2026Trial
- Occurrence of wound infections after perineal tears and perineal assessment in postpartum care: A prospective cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Trigonometric characteristics of episiotomy & pregnancy variables.European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology: X · 2025Article
- Educational efficacy of the simulation-based episiotomy training: a multi-center observational study.BMC medical education · 2025Observational
- Prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries with perineal support and lateral episiotomy: A historical cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Conservative Management of Retroperitoneal Hematoma Expanded to Prerenal Space Due to Episiotomy in a Woman with Vaginal Delivery, a case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2024Article
- Episiotomy practice and associated factors among mothers who gave birth at public health facilities in Metema district, northwest Ethiopia.Reproductive health · 2021Article
- Is mediolateral episiotomy angle associated with postpartum perineal pain in primiparous women?Northern clinics of Istanbul · 2021Article
- Article
- Evaluation of Accuracy of Episiotomy Incision in a Governmental Maternity Unit in Palestine: An Observational Study.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2018Article
- Obstetric anal sphincter injuries: review of anatomical factors and modifiable second stage interventions.International urogynecology journal · 2015Review
- The correct episiotomy: does it exist? A cross-sectional survey of four public Israeli hospitals and review of the literature.International urogynecology journal · 2015Review
- Cutting an episiotomy at 60 degrees: how good are we?International urogynecology journal · 2015Observational
- Anal incontinence, urinary incontinence and sexual problems in primiparous women - a comparison between women with episiotomy only and women with episiotomy and obstetric anal sphincter injury.BMC women's health · 2014Article
- Effect of different episiotomy techniques on perineal pain and sexual activity 3 months after delivery.International urogynecology journal · 2014Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introduction and hypothesisThe lateral episiotomy technique has been postulated to cause more postpartum perineal pain and blood loss compared to the midline and mediolateral episiotomy technique. The aim of the study was to explore the association with postpartum perineal pain and blood loss between different episiotomy techniques.
methodsClinical evaluation of episiotomy was performed 0-3 days after delivery on 300 participating women. Episiotomy technique was classified by millimeter distance from the incision point to the posterior fourchette and by angle from the sagittal plane in degrees. Postpartum perineal pain was scored on a visual analogue scale (VAS) the first day after delivery. Blood loss data were collected from medical charts. Different episiotomy techniques and different episiotomy incision point groups were compared in relation to perineal pain perception and blood loss.
resultsWe found no difference between midline, mediolateral, and lateral episiotomy techniques in perineal pain perception the first postpartum day (p = 0.74) or in estimated blood loss (p = 0.38). No differences were found in perineal pain or blood loss between midline and lateral incision points. Mediolateral angles were significantly narrower than lateral angles (p < 0.005). Physicians performed longer episiotomies than midwives (p < 0.005), but episiotomy angle did not vary between professions (p = 0.075).
conclusionsNo differences in perineal pain perception the first postpartum day and no differences in estimated blood loss were found when comparing different episiotomy techniques or when comparing midline and lateral incision points.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.