ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2013
Urinary concentrations of estrogens and estrogen metabolites and smoking in caucasian women.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic and meta-analytic review of research examining the impact of menstrual cycle phase and ovarian hormones on smoking and cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2015Pooled it
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- Degree of Joint Risk Factor Control and Incident Fracture Outcomes in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone increase hydroxylation and methylation of endogenous estrogen but not genotoxic estrogen DNA-adduct formation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effect of Smoking on the Development of Migraine in Women: Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Reductions in Microvascular Endothelial Function in Young Adult e-Cigarette Users.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2023Article
- Association between periodontitis and osteoporosis in United States adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional analysis.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- Commonalities in Metabolic Reprogramming between Tobacco Use and Oral Cancer.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Association between Serum Cotinine Levels and Bone Mineral Density: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).International journal of endocrinology · 2022Article
- Maternal phthalate and phthalate alternative metabolites and urinary biomarkers of estrogens and testosterones across pregnancy.Environment international · 2021Article
- Urinary equol levels are positively associated with urinary estradiol excretion in women.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The protective effects of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase rs1801131 variant among Saudi smokers.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2021Article
- Effect of the thymine-DNA glycosylase rs4135050 variant on Saudi smoker population.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2019Article
- Demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive risk factors for ectopic pregnancy.Fertility and sterility · 2018Article
- Hormonal factors and pancreatic cancer risk in women: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study.International journal of cancer · 2018Article
- Estrogen Metabolism in Premenopausal Women Is Related to Early Life Body Fatness.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2018Article
- Modification of the Associations Between Duration of Oral Contraceptive Use and Ovarian, Endometrial, Breast, and Colorectal Cancers.JAMA oncology · 2018Article
- Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause.BMC women's health · 2018Article
- Coffee or Tea? A prospective cohort study on the associations of coffee and tea intake with overall and cause-specific mortality in men versus women.European journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Estrogen metabolism in the human lung: impact of tumorigenesis, smoke, sex and race/ethnicity.Oncotarget · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSmoking has been hypothesized to decrease biosynthesis of parent estrogens (estradiol and estrone) and increase their metabolism by 2-hydroxylation. However, comprehensive studies of smoking and estrogen metabolism by 2-, 4-, or 16-hydroxylation are sparse.
methodsFifteen urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites (jointly called EM) were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) in luteal phase urine samples collected during 1996 to 1999 from 603 premenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII; 35 current, 140 former, and 428 never smokers). We calculated geometric means and percentage differences of individual EM (pmol/mg creatinine), metabolic pathway groups, and pathway ratios, by smoking status and cigarettes per day (CPD).
resultsTotal EM and parent estrogens were nonsignificantly lower in current compared with never smokers, with estradiol significant (P(multivariate) = 0.02). We observed nonsignificantly lower 16-pathway EM (P = 0.08) and higher 4-pathway EM (P = 0.25) and similar 2-pathway EM in current versus never smokers. EM measures among former smokers were similar to never smokers. Increasing CPD was significantly associated with lower 16-pathway EM (P-trend = 0.04) and higher 4-pathway EM (P-trend = 0.05). Increasing CPD was significantly positively associated with the ratios of 2- and 4-pathway to parent estrogens (P-trend = 0.01 and 0.002), 2- and 4-pathway to 16-pathway (P-trend = 0.02 and 0.003), and catechols to methylated catechols (P-trend = 0.02).
conclusionsAs hypothesized, we observed lower urinary levels of total EM and parent estrogens in active smokers. Our results also suggest smoking is associated with altered estrogen metabolism, specifically increased 2- and 4-hydroxylation, decreased 16-hydroxylation, and decreased catechol methylation. IMPACT: Our study suggests how smoking might influence estrogen-related cancers and conditions.
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