ArticleBMC public health2012
Socioeconomic inequalities in risk factors for non communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries: results from the World Health Survey.
Article in BMC public health, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 132 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Is Periodontitis Associated with Age-Related Cognitive Impairment? The Systematic Review, Confounders Assessment and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- The Magnitude of NCD Risk Factors in Ethiopia: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Evidence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Disparities in the Prevalence of Childhood Obesity-Related Comorbidities: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- The impact of behavioural risk factors on communicable diseases: a systematic review of reviews.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review.The Lancet. Global health · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Socio-economic status and behavioural and cardiovascular risk factors in Papua New Guinea: A cross-sectional survey.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Trial
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- Inequalities in lifestyle and metabolic risk factors across wealth and education levels among TUMS employees.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Decomposition of cross-country socioeconomic inequality in mortality by 288 causes of death and 84 risk factors from 1990 to 2021.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the association between tooth loss and socioeconomic status: the 8020 Promotion Foundation Study of Japanese Dental Patients.BMC oral health · 2026Observational
- Decomposing wealth-based inequalities in ideal cardiovascular health in Kenya.Communications medicine · 2025Article
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- Immigration, acculturation, and diabetes: A comparative study of diabetes prevalence among Asian Indian immigrants living in the United States and native-born populations in India and the United States.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Prevalence of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in China: Evidence from Shaanxi Province During 2003-2013.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ageing, multimorbidity, and quality of life: a mediation analysis using longitudinal ageing study in India.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundMonitoring inequalities in non communicable disease risk factor prevalence can help to inform and target effective interventions. The prevalence of current daily smoking, low fruit and vegetable consumption, physical inactivity, and heavy episodic alcohol drinking were quantified and compared across wealth and education levels in low- and middle-income country groups.
methodsThis study included self-reported data from 232,056 adult participants in 48 countries, derived from the 2002-2004 World Health Survey. Data were stratified by sex and low- or middle-income country status. The main outcome measurements were risk factor prevalence rates reported by wealth quintile and five levels of educational attainment. Socioeconomic inequalities were measured using the slope index of inequality, reflecting differences in prevalence rates, and the relative index of inequality, reflecting the prevalence ratio between the two extremes of wealth or education accounting for the entire distribution. Data were adjusted for confounding factors: sex, age, marital status, area of residence, and country of residence.
resultsSmoking and low fruit and vegetable consumption were significantly higher among lower socioeconomic groups. The highest wealth-related absolute inequality was seen in smoking among men of low- income country group (slope index of inequality 23.0 percentage points; 95% confidence interval 19.6, 26.4). The slope index of inequality for low fruit and vegetable consumption across the entire distribution of education was around 8 percentage points in both sexes and both country income groups. Physical inactivity was less prevalent in populations of low socioeconomic status, especially in low-income countries (relative index of inequality: (men) 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.33, 0.64; (women) 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.42, 0.65). Mixed patterns were found for heavy drinking.
conclusionsDisaggregated analysis of the prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors demonstrated different patterns and varying degrees of socioeconomic inequalities across low- and middle-income settings. Interventions should aim to reach and achieve sustained benefits for high-risk populations.
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