ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2012
Impact of smoking on mortality and life expectancy in Japanese smokers: a prospective cohort study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining the potential causal relationships among smoking behaviors, blood DNA methylation profiles, and the development of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.Clinical epigenetics · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Tobacco Smoking and Mortality in Asia: A Pooled Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2019Pooled it
- A Novel Decision Aid to Encourage Smoking Cessation Among Patients at an Urban Safety Net Clinic.Preventing chronic disease · 2018Trial
- Standard and Non-standard Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Ischemic Heart Disease and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Clinical Review.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Review
- Disparities in cigarette smoking and the health of marginalized populations in the U.S.: a simulation analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The hazard of using the Poisson model to cope with immortal time bias in the case of time-varying hazard.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Total life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy and differences attributable to cigarettes' smoking among Chinese middle-aged and older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Association Between Awareness of Limiting Food Intake and All-cause Mortality: A Cohort Study in Japan.Journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Cancer Risk Following Smoking Cessation in Korea.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Associations between Health-Related Use of Social Media and Positive Lifestyle Behaviors: Findings from a Representative Sample of US Adult Smokers.Substance use & misuse · 2024Article
- Risky health behaviors and subsequent late mortality after blood or marrow transplantation: a BMTSS report.Blood advances · 2023Article
- Body mass index and esophageal and gastric cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 population-based cohort studies in Japan.Cancer science · 2023Article
- How long were older people expected to live with or without sarcopenia? Multistate modeling of a national cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Health-Related Expectations Regarding Aging among Middle-Aged and Older Japanese: Psychometric Performance and Novel Findings from the ERA-12-J.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis in health and disease.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2022Review
- Epigenetic GrimAge acceleration and cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder.European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Article
- The impact of cigarette smoking on life expectancy in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar affective disorder: An electronic case register cohort study.Schizophrenia research · 2021Article
- The presence of Superfund sites as a determinant of life expectancy in the United States.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Association Between Initiation, Intensity, and Cessation of Smoking and Mortality Risk in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the impact of smoking on overall mortality and life expectancy in a large Japanese population, including some who smoked throughout adult life.
designThe Life Span Study, a population-based prospective study, initiated in 1950.
settingHiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
participantsSmoking status for 27,311 men and 40,662 women was obtained during 1963-92. Mortality from one year after first ascertainment of smoking status until 1 January 2008 has been analysed.
main outcome measuresMortality from all causes in current, former, and never smokers.
resultsSmokers born in later decades tended to smoke more cigarettes per day than those born earlier, and to have started smoking at a younger age. Among those born during 1920-45 (median 1933) and who started smoking before age 20 years, men smoked on average 23 cigarettes/day, while women smoked 17 cigarettes/day, and, for those who continued smoking, overall mortality was more than doubled in both sexes (rate ratios versus never smokers: men 2.21 (95% confidence interval 1.97 to 2.48), women 2.61 (1.98 to 3.44)) and life expectancy was reduced by almost a decade (8 years for men, 10 years for women). Those who stopped smoking before age 35 avoided almost all of the excess risk among continuing smokers, while those who stopped smoking before age 45 avoided most of it.
conclusionsThe lower smoking related hazards reported previously in Japan may have been due to earlier birth cohorts starting to smoke when older and smoking fewer cigarettes per day. In Japan, as elsewhere, those who start smoking in early adult life and continue smoking lose on average about a decade of life. Much of the risk can, however, be avoided by giving up smoking before age 35, and preferably well before age 35.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.