ArticlePLoS pathogens2012
Immunity to intracellular Salmonella depends on surface-associated antigens.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Evaluating small extracellular vesicle-based vaccination across heterologousInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Convergence of Nanotechnology and Bacteriotherapy for Biomedical Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
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- The role of tissue resident memory CD4 T cells in Salmonella infection: Implications for future vaccines.Vaccine · 2023Review
- Vaccine-induced inflammation and inflammatory monocytes promote CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity against murine salmonellosis.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Optimal generation of hepatic tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells requires IL-1 and IL-2.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Analysis ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Biological Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Prediction of Potential Drug Targets and Vaccine Candidates Against Antibiotic-ResistantInternational journal of peptide research and therapeutics · 2022Article
- Tissue compartmentalization enablesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Identification of Influenza PAMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Antigen-encapsulating host extracellular vesicles derived from Salmonella-infected cells stimulate pathogen-specific Th1-type responses in vivo.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Regulatory T cells control the dynamic and site-specific polarization of total CD4 T cells following Salmonella infection.Mucosal immunology · 2020Article
- Pathogenic signature of invasive non-typhoidalHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Review
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- Differential functional patterns of memory CD4Vaccine · 2020Article
- Review
- Bioengineering commensal bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles for delivery of biologics to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Invasive Salmonella infection is an important health problem that is worsening because of rising antimicrobial resistance and changing Salmonella serovar spectrum. Novel vaccines with broad serovar coverage are needed, but suitable protective antigens remain largely unknown. Here, we tested 37 broadly conserved Salmonella antigens in a mouse typhoid fever model, and identified antigen candidates that conferred partial protection against lethal disease. Antigen properties such as high in vivo abundance or immunodominance in convalescent individuals were not required for protectivity, but all promising antigen candidates were associated with the Salmonella surface. Surprisingly, this was not due to superior immunogenicity of surface antigens compared to internal antigens as had been suggested by previous studies and novel findings for CD4 T cell responses to model antigens. Confocal microscopy of infected tissues revealed that many live Salmonella resided alone in infected host macrophages with no damaged Salmonella releasing internal antigens in their vicinity. In the absence of accessible internal antigens, detection of these infected cells might require CD4 T cell recognition of Salmonella surface-associated antigens that could be processed and presented even from intact Salmonella. In conclusion, our findings might pave the way for development of an efficacious Salmonella vaccine with broad serovar coverage, and suggest a similar crucial role of surface antigens for immunity to both extracellular and intracellular pathogens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.