ArticleSouthern med review2012
Discounts and rebates granted to public payers for medicines in European countries.
Article in Southern med review, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- The impacts of pricing and reimbursement policies on access to cell and gene therapies across Europe.Journal of community genetics · 2026Review
- Price transparency of cancer medicines: a crucial step towards informed pricing negotiations in the European region.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Cost of treatment of metastatic non-small lung cancer in Sweden, 2011-2023.Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) · 2025Article
- The impact of external reference pricing on pharmaceutical costs and market dynamics.Health policy OPEN · 2023Article
- Appraising Drugs Based on Cost-effectiveness and Severity of Disease in Norwegian Drug Coverage Decisions.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Stakeholder views of managed entry agreements: A literature review of national studies.Health policy OPEN · 2021Review
- Patients' access to drugs with rebates in Switzerland - Empirical analysis and policy implications for drug pricing in Europe.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2021Article
- Price of a hepatitis C cure: Cost of production and current prices for direct-acting antivirals in 50 countries.Journal of virus eradication · 2020Article
- Evolution of Average European Medicine Prices: Implications for the Methodology of External Price Referencing.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2019Article
- Implementation of risk-sharing contracts as perceived by Spanish hospital pharmacists.Health economics review · 2019Article
- Confidentiality agreements: a challenge in market regulation.International journal for equity in health · 2019Article
- Factors influencing pharmaceutical pricing - a scoping review of academic literature in health science.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2019Article
- Is pricing of dolutegravir equitable? A comparative analysis of price and country income level in 52 countries.Journal of virus eradication · 2018Article
- Influence of generic reference pricing on medicine cost in Slovenia: a retrospective study.Croatian medical journal · 2018Article
- Availability and Affordability of Drugs With a Conditional Approval by the European Medicines Agency; Comparison of Korea With Other Countries and the Implications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2018Article
- Determinants of utilisation differences for cancer medicines in Belgium, Scotland and Sweden.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2017Article
- Outcomes-Based Contracting Experience: Research Findings from U.S. and European Stakeholders.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2017Article
- Comparing Generic Drug Markets in Europe and the United States: Prices, Volumes, and Spending.The Milbank quarterly · 2017Article
- A comparison of generic drug prices in seven European countries: a methodological analysis.BMC health services research · 2017Article
- Cholesterol-lowering drugs: science and marketing.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of this study was to provide an overview about the existence and types of discounts and rebates granted to public payers by the pharmaceutical industry in European countries.
methodsData were collected via a questionnaire in spring 2011. Officials from public authorities for pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement represented in the PPRI (Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information) network provided the information and reviewed the compilation.
resultsInformation is available from 31 European countries. Discounts and rebates granted to public payers by pharmaceutical industry were reported for 25 European countries. Such discounts exist both in the in- and out-patient sectors in 21 countries and in the in-patient sector only in four countries. Six countries reported not having any regulations or agreements regarding the discounts and rebates granted by industry. The most common discounts and rebates are price reductions and refunds linked to sales volume but types such as in-kind support, price-volume and risk-sharing agreements are also in place. A mix of various types of discounts and rebates is common. Many of these arrangements are confidential. Differences regarding types, the organizational and legal framework, validity and frequency of updates and the amount of the discounts and rebates granted exist among the surveyed countries.
conclusionsIn Europe, discounts and rebates on medicines granted by pharmaceutical industry to public payers are common tools to contain public pharmaceutical expenditure. They appear to be used as a complimentary measure when price regulation does not achieve the desired results and in the few European countries with no or limited price regulation. The confidential character of many of these arrangements impedes transparency and may lead to a distortion of medicines prices. An analysis of the impact on these measures is recommended.
Indexed as
Identifiers
23093898PMC3471187What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.