ArticleTobacco control2014
The evolution of health warning labels on cigarette packs: the role of precedents, and tobacco industry strategies to block diffusion.
Article in Tobacco control, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of strengthening cigarette pack warnings: Systematic review of longitudinal observational studies.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2016Pooled it
- How does the tobacco industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- A Pilot Randomised Trial Investigating the Effects of Including Efficacy Messaging on Tobacco Warning Labels.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Trial
- Higher negative emotions in response to cigarette pictorial warning labels predict higher quit intentions among smokers.Tobacco control · 2020Trial
- Testing Alcohol Labels as a Tool to Communicate Cancer Risk to Drinkers: A Real-World Quasi-Experimental Study.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2020Trial
- Awareness and Perceptions on Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs among Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study.BioMed research international · 2020Trial
- Strengthening tobacco control enforcement in Nigeria: a policy and regulatory analysis supporting an expanded mandate for NAFDAC.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Emotional arousal of graphic cigarette warning labels loses its beneficial effects on craving reduction after repeated exposure - A longitudinal neuroimaging study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Article
- Eradication of commercial tobacco related disease and death.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- The tobacco industry at the health-environment nexus: a framing analysis of the UK 'disposable' e-cigarette ban.Health promotion international · 2025Article
- Pictorial warning labels reduce sharing intentions, blunt self-relevance processes elicited by social media posts promoting cannabis edibles.The Journal of communication · 2025Article
- Evolution of tobacco pack health warning labels in India- a timely consensus.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Why addressing conflicts of interest is essential to progress in reducing commercially driven health harms: Lessons from tobacco.Future healthcare journal · 2025Article
- Another day, another tobacco company's devious behaviour: cutout health warning labels on Indonesian cigarette packs.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Tobacco industry interference to undermine the development and implementation of graphic health warnings in Bangladesh.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Warning Labels as a Public Health Intervention: Effects and Challenges for Tobacco, Cannabis, and Opioid Medications.Annual review of public health · 2024Review
- Examining the Effectiveness of the 2012 Canadian Graphic Warning Label Policy Change by Sex, Income, and Education.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- How do current tobacco warnings compare to the WHO FCTC guidelines: a content analysis of combustible tobacco warnings worldwide.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Beneath the label: unsatisfactory compliance with ESRB, PEGI and IARC industry self-regulation requiring loot box presence warning labels by video game companies.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo analyse the evolution and diffusion of health warnings on cigarette packs around the world, including tobacco industry attempts to block this diffusion.
methodsWe analysed tobacco industry documents and public sources to construct a database on the global evolution and diffusion of health warning labels from 1966 to 2012, and also analysed industry strategies.
resultsHealth warning labels, especially labels with graphic elements, threaten the tobacco industry because they are a low-cost, effective measure to reduce smoking. Multinational tobacco companies did not object to voluntary innocuous warnings with ambiguous health messages, in part because they saw them as offering protection from lawsuits and local packaging regulations. The companies worked systematically at the international level to block or weaken warnings once stronger more specific warnings began to appear in the 1970s. Since 1985 in Iceland, the tobacco industry has been aware of the effectiveness of graphic health warning labels (GWHL). The industry launched an all-out attack in the early 1990s to prevent GHWLs, and was successful in delaying GHWLs internationally for nearly 10 years.
conclusionsBeginning in 2005, as a result of the World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), GHWLs began to spread. Effective implementation of FCTC labelling provisions has stimulated diffusion of strong health warning labels despite industry opposition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.