ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2013
Frequent longitudinal sampling of hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users reveals intermittently detectable viremia and reinfection.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Spontaneous viral clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) and HIV-positive men who have sex with men (HIV+ MSM): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Identification of Genetically Related HCV Infections Among Self-Described Injecting Partnerships.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Cost-Utility of All-Oral Direct-Acting Antiviral Regimens for the Treatment of Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients in Hong Kong.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2021Article
- Testing and Clinical Management of Health Care Personnel Potentially Exposed to Hepatitis C Virus - CDC Guidance, United States, 2020.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2020Article
- Per-Contact Infectivity of Hepatitis C Virus Acquisition in Association With Receptive Needle Sharing Exposures in a Prospective Cohort of Young Adult People who Inject Drugs in San Francisco, California.Open forum infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Role of HCV Viremia in Corroborated HCV Transmission Events Within Young Adult Injecting Partnerships.Open forum infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Risk factors for familial clustering of hepatitis C virus infection in a Chinese Han population: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2018Observational
- Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Chronic HCV Infection.Current drug targets · 2017Review
- Cellular immune response to hepatitis-C-virus in subjects without viremia or seroconversion: is it important?Infectious agents and cancer · 2016Review
- Hepatitis C Virus Reinfection and Spontaneous Clearance of Reinfection--the InC3 Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Many hepatitis C reinfections that spontaneously clear may be undetected: Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis of observational study data.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2015Observational
- Novel interventions to prevent HIV and HCV among persons who inject drugs.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2015Review
- Article
- The Humoral Immune Response to HCV: Understanding is Key to Vaccine Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2014Review
- Human immunodeficiency virus and liver disease forum 2012.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2014Article
- Ending hepatitis C in the United States: the role of screening.Hepatic medicine : evidence and research · 2014Review
- Article
- Hepatitis C viremia patterns in incident hepatitis C infection and one year later in 150 prospectively tested persons who inject drugs.PloS one · 2014Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDetection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection and intercalation (ie, intermittent recurrent bouts of viremia with homologous virus interspersed with aviremic periods) requires extensive and frequent evaluation and viral sequencing.
methodsHCV infection outcomes were studied prospectively in active injection drug users with recurrent HCV RNA-positive tests after serial negative results. HCV viremia and viral sequences (Core/E1) were assessed from monthly blood samples.
resultsViral clearance, reinfection, and intercalating infection were all detected. Among 44 participants with apparently resolved HCV (26 incident HCV clearers and 18 enrolled with already resolved infection), 36 (82%) remained persistently HCV RNA negative, but 8 demonstrated intermittent recurrent viremia. Four of these (50%) had confirmed reinfection with a heterologous virus; 3 demonstrated viral intercalation, and 1 was not classifiable as either. Estimated incidence of first reinfection was 5.4 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 2.0-14.5). Six (75%) participants, including 3 of 4 with reinfection, demonstrated sustained viral clearance for a median of 26 months since last HCV RNA test.
conclusionsThese results show that frequent monitoring and viral sequencing are required to correctly assess HCV outcomes and estimate incidence of reinfection (which was previously overestimated). Sustained clearance may take many months and occur after episodes of reinfection and viral intercalation. Three of 4 subjects who had confirmed reinfection showed evidence of long-term clearance. Viral intercalation occurs with significant frequency. Further studies of these events, especially immunological, are needed to inform HCV clinical care and vaccine development.
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