Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23085775›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2013

Collinearity of protease mutations in HIV-1 samples with high-level protease inhibitor class resistance.

Farbod Babrzadeh, Vici Varghese, Mary Pacold, Tommy F Liu, Pål Nyrén, Celia Schiffer, W Jeffrey Fessel, Robert W Shafer

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
0.5field-weighted citation impact, top 36% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Amino Acid Prevalence of HIV-1AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2019
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Comparison of anJournal of clinical microbiology · 2018
    Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Farbod BabrzadehStanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Vici Varghese
Mary Pacold
Tommy F Liu
Pål Nyrén
Celia Schiffer
W Jeffrey Fessel
Robert W Shafer
Stanford University · USKaiser Permanente · USKTH Royal Institute of Technology · SEUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst · US

Funding

PUBLIC HIV DRUG RESISTANCE DATABASER01AI068581 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI SHAFER, ROBERT WILLIAM · 2006 to 2017
$6.2M
PUBLIC HIV DRUG RESISTANCE DATABASER56AI068581 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI SHAFER, ROBERT WILLIAM · 2013 to 2013
$729k
NIAID NIH HHS AI068581NIAID NIH HHS R56 AI068581
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo determine whether pan-protease inhibitor (PI)-resistant virus populations are composed predominantly of viruses with resistance to all PIs or of diverse virus populations with resistance to different subsets of PIs.

methodsWe performed deep sequencing of plasma virus samples from nine patients with high-level genotypic and/or phenotypic resistance to all licensed PIs. The nine virus samples had a median of 12 PI resistance mutations by direct PCR Sanger sequencing.

resultsFor each of the nine virus samples, deep sequencing showed that each of the individual viruses within a sample contained nearly all of the mutations detected by Sanger sequencing. Indeed, a median of 94.9% of deep sequence reads had each of the PI resistance mutations present as a single chromatographic peak in the Sanger sequence. A median of 5.0% of reads had all but one of the Sanger mutations that were not part of an electrophoretic mixture.

conclusionsThe collinearity of PI resistance mutations in the nine virus samples demonstrated that pan-PI-resistant viruses are able to replicate in vivo despite their highly mutated protease enzymes. We hypothesize that the marked collinearity of PI resistance mutations in pan-PI-resistant virus populations results from the unique requirements for multi-PI resistance and the extensive cross-resistance conferred by many of the accessory PI resistance mutations.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, ViralMutation, MissenseHigh-Throughput Nucleotide SequencingHIV-1HIV ProteaseHIV Protease InhibitorsHumansMicrobial Sensitivity TestsPlasmaRNA, ViralHIV ProteaseHIV Protease InhibitorsRNA, Viral

Identifiers

PMID23085775
PMCPMC3543120
OpenAlexW2096820572

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.