ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2012
Single leg mini squat: an inter-tester reproducibility study of children in the age of 9-10 and 12-14 years presented by various methods of kappa calculation.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predicting sport and occupational lower extremity injury risk through movement quality screening: a systematic review.British journal of sports medicine · 2017Pooled it
- The reliability and validity of a visual analog scale for rating the single leg squat test.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Validity and inter-rater reliability of ankle motion observed during a single leg squat.PeerJ · 2022Article
- Visual assessment of movement quality: a study on intra- and interrater reliability of a multi-segmental single leg squat test.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2021Article
- Visual assessment of dynamic knee joint alignment in patients with patellofemoral pain: an agreement study.PeerJ · 2021Article
- Visual assessment of movement quality in the single leg squat test: a review and meta-analysis of inter-rater and intrarater reliability.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2019Review
- EVIDENCE-BASED PROCEDURES FOR PERFORMING THE SINGLE LEG SQUAT AND STEP-DOWN TESTS IN EVALUATION OF NON-ARTHRITIC HIP PAIN: A LITERATURE REVIEW.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2018Article
- Reliability and Association with Injury of Movement Screens: A Critical Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMultiple studies suggest that reduced postural orientation is a possible risk factor for both patello-femoral joint pain (PFP) and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In order to prevent PFP and ACL injuries in adolescent athletes, it is necessary to develop simple and predictive screening tests to identify those at high risk. Single Leg Mini Squat (SLMS) is a functional and dynamic real-time screening test, which has shown good validity and reproducibility in evaluation of postural orientation of the knee in an adult population. The aim of this study was to determine the inter-tester reproducibility of SLMS in the age group of 9-10 and 12-14 years by evaluating postural orientation of the ankle, knee, hip and trunk. Further on, this study exemplify the divergence of kappa values when using different methods of calculating kappa for the same dataset.
methodsA total of 72 non-injured children were included in the study. Postural orientation of the ankle, knee, hip and trunk for both legs was determined by two testers using a four-point scale (ordinal, 0-3). Prevalence, overall agreement as well as four different methods for calculating kappa were evaluated: linear weighted kappa in comparison with un-weighted kappa, prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) and quadratic weighted kappa.
resultsThe linear weighted kappa values ranged between 0.54-0.86 (overall agreement 0.86-0.97), reflecting a moderate to almost perfect agreement. When calculating un-weighted kappa (with and without PABAK) and quadratic weighted kappa, the results spread between 0.46-0.88, 0.50-0.94, and 0.76-0.95, reflecting the various results when using different methods of kappa calculation.
conclusionsThe Single Leg Mini Squat test has moderate to almost perfect reproducibility in children aged 9-10 and 12-14 years when evaluating postural orientation of the ankles, knees, hips and trunk, based on the excellent strength of agreement as presented by linear weighted kappa. The inconsistency in results when using different methods of kappa calculation demonstrated the linear weighted kappa being generally 15% lower than the quadratic weighted values. On average, prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa increased the un-weighted kappa values by 7% and 12% by children aged 9-10 and 12-14, respectively.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.